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+\usepackage{hyperref} +\usepackage{geometry} +\usepackage{array} +\usepackage[natbibapa]{apacite} +\bibliographystyle{apacite} +\geometry{left=3cm,right=3cm, bottom=3cm, top=3cm} + +% Font +\setlength{\parindent}{0em} +\setlength{\parskip}{1em} + +% fancyhdr +\pagestyle{fancy} +\fancyhf{} +\lhead{\leftmark} +\cfoot{\thepage} +\setlength{\headheight}{13.59999pt} + +\begin{document} + +\begin{titlepage} + \centering + + \vspace{1cm} + + {\scshape\Large INSTITUTE OF GEOGRAPHICAL SCIENCES\par} + \vspace{1cm} + + {\scshape\Large B. Sc. Geographical Sciences\par} + \vspace{1cm} + + \vfill + {\huge\bfseries Bachelor's Thesis\par} + + {\large\bfseries Spatial Accessibility to Healthcare Facilities in the Tri-Border of the Alto Paraná Atlantic Forest} + \vfill + + {Submitted by\par} + {\Large Joaquin Gottlebe \par} + {5429130} + \vspace{1cm} + + {First supervision by \par} + {\Large Jun.-Prof. Dr. María Piquer-Rodríguez\par} + {Second supervision by \par} + {\Large Dr. Lia Montti\par} + {Co-advised by \par} + {\Large M.Sc. Ahuvit Trumper \par} + \vspace{1cm} + + {Berlin, Germany\par} + {\today\par} + +\end{titlepage} + +\pagenumbering{Roman} + +\chapter*{Declaration of Academic Integrity} + +I hereby declare to the Freie Universität Berlin that I have completed the following Bachelor's Thesis independently and without the use of sources and aids other than those cited. + +I declare that the present work is free of plagiarism. Any statements that have been taken from other writings, whether directly or indirectly, have been clearly marked as such. + +No entire section or full paragraph of this thesis was written with the help of an AI. If an AI was used, was only to improve my own writing. + +Further, I declare that this work has not been submitted to any other university as part of an examination attempt, either in identical or similar form, nor has it been published elsewhere. + +\vfill + +{ +\centering + +Berlin, Germany + +\today + +\vspace{4em} + +\underline{\hspace{6cm}} + +Joaquin Gottlebe + +5429130 + +} + +\vfill + +\chapter*{Acknowledgements} + +Firstly, I want to express my heartfelt gratitude to my first supervisor, Jun.-Prof. Dr. María Piquer-Rodríguez, for your support, insightful feedback, and patience throughout this journey. Your expertise has been invaluable. I also extend my thanks to my second supervisor, Dr. Lia Montti, for your support, extensive knowledge of the study area, and kind words. My appreciation goes to M.Sc. Ahuvit Trumper for your support from day one and for laying the groundwork for this research. I am grateful to the entire "Modelling Human-Environmental Interactions" working group at the Freie Universität Berlin for being the best colleagues I could ask for. I also want to thank Theresa for her emotional support, as well as my family, friends and my cat Kafka for always being there for me. I owe my deepest gratitude to my partner, Rebecca, who is my beacon of light. And last but not least, as Snoop Dogg famously said, I wanna thank me. + +\tableofcontents +\newpage +\listoffigures +\newpage +\listoftables +\newpage +%\chapter*{Acronyms} +%\printacronyms[heading=none, include-classes=abbrev] +%\chapter*{Symbols} +%\printacronyms[heading=none, include-classes=symbols] + + +\chapter*{Abstract} + +This thesis analyses the spatial accessibility of healthcare facilities in the tri-border area of the Alto Paraná Atlantic Forest, which includes municipalities in Paraguay, Brazil and Argentina. The study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the differences in accessibility between different regions and population groups in this area. \\ +% +Using data from OpenStreetMap, official government sources and the Global Human Settlement Layer, the study combines a friction surface and a cost distance algorithm to model the cost of movement through space and calculate travel time to healthcare facilities as an indicator for accessibility.\\ +% +The analyses revealed notable disparities in healthcare accessibility between the three countries with Brazil and Argentina having the highest accessibility, followed by Paraguay with the lowest accessibility. A strong correlation between population density and accessibility revealed that urban regions exhibit the highest accessibility, while rural and peripheral areas, particularly in Paraguay face much lower accessibility. It was also revealed that indigenous communities are negatively influenced greater by these disparities of accessibility. \\ +% + +\chapter{Introduction} +\pagenumbering{arabic} +\section{Agenda for Sustainable Development}\label{sec:introagenda} + +This thesis is rooted in the third goal of the global Agenda for Sustainable Development by the United Nations, published in 2015 by the \citet{united_nations_transforming_2015}. This Agenda defines 17 sustainable development goals as a comprehensive plan of action, which are a collective commitment to addressing these most pressing global challenges like elevating societal well-being, protecting our planet, creating lasting prosperity and particularly healthcare accessibility. \\ +% +Goal 3 specifically calls for equal access to healthcare and education regardless of background, stating: "Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages" \citep{united_nations_transforming_2015}. It emphasises the need for universal healthcare coverage, equitable healthcare services, and improved health outcomes worldwide. This goal is crucial for sustainable development as it improves overall health and increases productivity, which in turn contributes to poverty reduction and economic growth \citet{zhao_economic_2016}. It also promotes equality for marginalised groups \citet{davy_access_2016}. \\ +% +Achieving this goal requires a concerted effort from various actors, including governments, international organisations, and non-governmental organisations (NGO's) \citet{sanadgol_engagement_2021}. Key initiatives such as the Universal Health Coverage Partnership of the World Health Organisation (WHO) \citet{uhc-partnership_universal_2021} and the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria \citet{the_global_fund_global_2024} illustrate the global commitment to improving healthcare accessibility. These initiatives focus on strengthening healthcare systems, improving service delivery, and ensuring that healthcare is accessible to all, especially the most vulnerable \citet{syed_traveling_2013}. \\ +% +One indicator the United Nations uses to measure the progress of the third goal is for example the Universal Health Coverage indicator, which is generated by the WHO \citet{world_health_organization_tracking_2023}. This indicator tracks various aspects of healthcare accessibility, including the availability of essential healthcare services, patient satisfaction, and reduced travel times to healthcare facilities. + +\section{Access to Healthcare}\label{sec:introaccess} +While the Universal Health Coverage indicator provides a broad overview of healthcare accessibility, a deeper understanding of access to healthcare is necessary. Access to healthcare is complex to define and measure, as highlighted by \citet{aday_framework_1974}. They suggest that it is perhaps most meaningful to consider access in terms of whether those who need care receive it. \citet{gulliford_what_2002} similarly define access to healthcare as the ability to obtain appropriate health care resources to maintain or improve health. Both \citet{aday_framework_1974} and \citet{gulliford_what_2002} emphasise the importance of viewing healthcare accessibility as a multidimensional concept. They identified three primary barriers to healthcare access: the personal barrier, which involves patients' recognition of their need for healthcare and their decisions to seek it; the financial barrier, which pertains to the cost of healthcare services and how it influences patients' decisions to obtain care; and the organisational, also called structural barrier, which encompasses all aspects related to the provision and ease of access to healthcare services \citet{gulliford_what_2002}. In detail organisational barriers to healthcare access include structural and systemic barriers such as insufficient resources, inefficient processes, long waiting times, lack of coordination and integration of healthcare services as well as geographical barriers that make access to medical facilities difficult for example the travel time to healthcare facilities \citet{carrillo_defining_2011}.\\ +% +According to \citet{wang_assessing_2005}, organisational barriers can arise from spatial variability due to the uneven distribution of healthcare providers and consumers, as well as differences among population groups based on socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, which then causes variability in travel time. \\ +% +The consequences of these organisational barriers to healthcare access are examined by \citet{syed_traveling_2013}. They conclude that such barriers can lead to rescheduled or missed appointments, delayed care, and missed or delayed medication use, ultimately resulting in poorer management of chronic illnesses and poorer health outcomes. + +\section{Travel Time}\label{sec:introtraveltime} +A critical factor in understanding the variability in travel time to healthcare services as an organisational barrier is spatial accessibility. It is determined by the barriers or friction of space, which are influenced by the time and physical distance needed to access the services \citet{aday_framework_1974}. \\ +% +To calculate travel time to health care facilities and therefore the accessibility for a region \citet{weiss_global_2018} proposed a method which integrates different datasets and geo-spatial modelling techniques to quantify travel time to urban centres. Nelson \citet{nelson_suite_2019} and \citet{european_commission_joint_research_centre_global_2021} first developed this methodology which \citet{weiss_global_2018} developed further. The authors used data from Open Street Map (OSM) and Google Roads to create a comprehensive road network, supplemented by rail and waterway networks as well as topographic and land cover data. This information was converted into a "friction surface" that represents the speed of movement through each pixel of the earth's surface. A least-cost path algorithm was applied to calculate the travel time from each point to the nearest city. The results were validated by comparing them with travel times from the Google Maps API, where a high level of agreement was found. They further proposed a method for investigating the travel time to healthcare facilities in \citet{weiss_global_2020} which expands on their previous research with adding healthcare facilities to the model. + +\section{Study Area}\label{sec:introstudyarea} +As mentioned in the Sustainable Development Goals the most vulnerable countries like developing and middle income countries are facing special challenges \citet{united_nations_transforming_2015}. For a better understanding and to identify barriers of access to healthcare, like travel time, it is especially important to look at these countries. \\ +% +Border regions especially are of interest because of there similar physical conditions but sometimes very different governance policies and land use and planing. Because of that the impact of different kind of governance on spatial indicators like travel time and following that also sustainable development can be investigated. They can also serve as a natural experiment for each country that influence each other with the spillover effect described in \citet{piquer-rodriguez_land_2021}, that policies and developments are copied by the other states. The tri-border of the Alto Paraná Atlantic Forest in South America displays such features and is optimal for such research on differences in accessibility to healthcare and was therefore the study area. It lies 55° West and 25,5° and covers area of $36854 \ km^2$ (\ref{fig:studyregion}). \\ +% +The tri-border is also of interest through its high level of inter-connectivity. For example, as \citet{marques_circularidad_2013} \& \citet{cardelli_caso_2021} found, many people regularly move between the border town for healthcare services, shopping, and work. This movement promotes economic growth and regional cooperation among the countries, as highlighted by \citet{arsentyeva_triple_2020}. The historical development of these countries has also significantly shaped the current dynamics of this area, as discussed \citet{lisboa_path_2021}. However, this inter-connectivity is not without its drawbacks. As \citet{martens_ilegalismos_2019} noted, the region also experiences cross-border theft, often driven by poor financial conditions. + +\begin{figure} + \centering + \includegraphics[width=1\linewidth]{figures/Overview.png} + \caption{Study Region} + \label{fig:studyregion} +\end{figure} + + +\subsection{Alto Paraná Atlantic Forest} +The Alto Paraná Atlantic Forest are an important eco-region. This forest extends across the southern part of Brazil, northeastern Argentina and eastern Paraguay. It covers an area of approximately 485,000 km² \citet{schipper_alto_2018}, which is not the study area but surrounds it. The geographical extent of this forest ranges from the coastal forest of the Serra do Mar to the basins of the Paraná River \citet{schipper_alto_2018}. The Alto Paraná Atlantic Forest is of great ecological importance as they have a remarkable biodiversity and endemism \citet{de_lima_erosion_2020}. Despite that, the Alto Paraná Atlantic forest is highly endangered \citet{de_lima_erosion_2020}. Up to 42\% of the original biodiversity and biomass has already been lost in the Atlantic Forest, mainly due to human influence \citet{de_lima_erosion_2020}. These activities have led to a significant fragmentation of the forest, affecting the habitats of many species and endangering biodiversity \citet{gennerich_land-use_2024}. +The conservation and restoration of the Alto Paraná Atlantic forest is of crucial importance, not only for the protection of biodiversity, but also for the sustainable development of the region. This also extends to the health care of the local population. The loss of forest areas and the associated degradation of ecosystems have a direct impact on the availability and quality of health and well-being through heat stress, as found by \citet{palmer_no_2022}, \citet{hedin_connecting_2022} and \cite{deivanayagam_breaking_2023}. It is therefore important to develop sustainable solutions that ensure both the protection of nature and access to health services. + +\subsection{Argentina} +Argentina's part of the study area consists of three municipalities and covers an area of approximately $7940 \ km^2$. Its border city is Puerto Iguazú. This specific region forms a small part of Argentina's extensive and varied landscape. + +The country, is located in the southern half of South America, is the eighth-largest country in the world by land area, covering approximately 2.78 million square kilometres \citet{runfola_geoboundaries_2020}, with over 46 million inhabitants \citet{united_nations_world_2022}. It shares borders with Chile, Bolivia, Paraguay, Brazil, and Uruguay \citet{runfola_geoboundaries_2020}. The country has a diverse geography that includes the Andes mountain range, fertile Pampas plains, and extensive Atlantic coastline. \\ +% +Argentina's population density is approximately 16 people per square kilometre \citet{united_nations_world_2022}. +The country has a high life expectancy of 76 years \citet{world_bank_life_2022}. +% +Argentina is classified as an upper-middle-income country \citet{world_bank_world_2022}. Its economic instability, characterised by high inflation and fiscal deficits, poses significant challenges to healthcare accessibility, particularly for low-income and vulnerable populations \citet{world_bank_world_2024}. +Healthcare accessibility in Argentina is also influenced by regional disparities. The healthcare system is divided into public, private, and social security sectors, with the public sector providing free healthcare to all citizens and residents \citet{bello_health_2011}. However, there are significant differences in the quality and availability of healthcare services between urban and rural areas \citet{vacarezza_exploring_2023}, \citet{palacios_need_2020}. The Northwest and Northeast regions, in particular, face challenges in healthcare accessibility due to fewer facilities and healthcare professionals compared to more developed regions like the Pampas \citet{gilardino_access_2016}. Government initiatives such as the Primary Health Care Centres and the Nacer/SUMAR Program aim to improve healthcare access, especially for vulnerable populations \citet{palacios_need_2020}. \\ +% +In 2022, Argentina had approximately 955,032 indigenous people, which represents 2.03\% of the total population \citet{berger_indigenous_2024}. The indigenous population in Argentina, faces significant barriers to healthcare access, such as communication and cultural differences, and a lack of essential services like clean water and sanitation\citet{quintana_access_2021}. Initiatives to improve healthcare access for these communities include training community health workers and integrating traditional practices with biomedical care \citet{quintana_access_2021}. + +\subsection{Brazil} +Brazil's part of the study area consists of 18 municipalities and covers an area of approximately $8020 \ km^2$. Its border city is Foz do Iguaçu. This area is a small segment of Brazil's vast and varied territory. + +It is the largest country in South America, spans an area of 8.5 million square kilometres \citet{runfola_geoboundaries_2020} and is the world's fifth-largest country by both area and population, with over 217 million inhabitants \citet{united_nations_world_2022}. The country is characterised by diverse geographical features, including the Amazon rain forest, Pantanal wetlands, and extensive Atlantic coastline. Brazil's population is heavily concentrated in the southeastern and northeastern regions, with significant urbanisation \citet{agencia_de_noticias_-_ibge_between_2023}. Brazil's population density is approximately 26 people per square kilometre \citet{united_nations_world_2022}. The country has a life expectancy of 73 years \citet{world_bank_life_2022}. \\ +% +Brazil is classified as an upper-middle-income country \citet{world_bank_world_2022}. Its economic disparities, coupled with regional inequalities, significantly impact healthcare accessibility, particularly in under-served and remote areas \citet{hone_effect_2019}. \\ +% +Brazil's healthcare system, known as the Unified Health System (SUS), provides universal healthcare to all residents \citet{oliveira_challenges_2017}. Despite this, there are significant disparities in healthcare access and quality, particularly in rural and remote areas \citet{palmeira_analysis_2022}. The distribution of healthcare facilities and professionals is uneven, with the North and Northeast regions facing greater challenges in accessing healthcare services compared to the more developed Southeast \citet{silva_emergency_2021}. Initiatives such as the Mais Médicos (More Doctors) Program aim to address these disparities by improving the distribution of healthcare professionals across the country \citet{oliveira_challenges_2017}. \\ +% +The indigenous population in all of Brazil, consisted in 2022 of 1,693,535 people, which represents approximately 0.83\% of the total population \citet{berger_indigenous_2024}. The indigenous population includes numerous ethnic groups, faces significant health inequities, including higher infant mortality rates, lower life expectancy, and a high burden of infectious diseases \citet{berger_indigenous_2024} \citet{santos_health_2022} \citet{mendes_o_2018}. The Indigenous Healthcare Subsystem (SASI) and the National Policy for the Care of Indigenous Peoples (PNASPI) aim to provide differentiated healthcare that respects socio-cultural diversity \citet{de_m_pontes_health_2020}. + + +\subsection{Paraguay} + +Paraguay's part of the study area consists of 29 municipalities and covers an area of approximately $20894 \ km^2$. Its border city is Ciudad del Este. This region represents a portion of Paraguay's diverse landscape and population distribution. + +Paraguay, a landlocked country in central South America, covers an area of approximately 400 thousand square kilometres \citet{runfola_geoboundaries_2020}. It is bordered by Argentina, Brazil, and Bolivia. The country has a population of around 7 million people, with a significant proportion living in rural areas \citet{united_nations_world_2022}. Paraguay's population density is approximately 7 people per square kilometre \citet{united_nations_world_2022}. The country has a life expectancy of 70 years \citet{world_bank_life_2022}. \\ +% +Paraguay is classified as a lower-middle-income country \citet{world_bank_world_2022}, and its economic constraints, including high poverty rates and limited public spending on healthcare, exacerbate challenges in healthcare accessibility, particularly for rural and indigenous populations \citet{world_health_organization_access_2024}. \\ +% +Paraguay faces significant healthcare challenges, including a high burden of both communicable and non-communicable diseases \citet{amnesty_international_usa_paraguay_2024}. The healthcare system is fragmented, with public, private, and social security sectors providing services \citet{oecd_-depth_2018}. The public sector, managed by the Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare, is the primary provider of healthcare for the majority of the population, especially those without health insurance \citet{oecd_-depth_2018}. However, there are severe and unequal gaps in access to healthcare, particularly in rural areas where medical facilities and qualified personnel are scarce \citet{capurro_socioeconomic_2022}. The Paraguayan government has undertaken several reforms to improve healthcare access and quality, including the establishment of family health units and the implementation of a national health policy aimed at achieving universal health coverage \citet{oecd_reforming_2019}. Despite these efforts, significant challenges remain, including under-funding, inefficient resource allocation, and the need for better integration of healthcare services \citet{oecd_reforming_2019}. +% +This indigenous population in Paraguay represents approximately 2.29\% of Paraguay's total population, comprising around 140.206 individuals \citet{berger_indigenous_2024}. They face significant barriers to healthcare access, including discrimination, cultural barriers, and poor infrastructure \citet{berger_indigenous_2024}. Initiatives such as the partnership between the Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare (MSPyBS) and PAHO/WHO aim to improve vaccine coverage and healthcare access for indigenous communities, particularly in remote areas \citet{world_health_organization_access_2024}. + + +\begin{figure}[H] + \centering + \includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{figures/Study Area.png} + \caption{Study Area} + \label{fig:studyarea} +\end{figure} + +\newpage +\section{Research Questions and Objectives} +The general focus of this thesis was to investigate the spatial accessibility to healthcare facilities in the tri-border area of the Alto Paraná Atlantic Forest, encompassing regions in Paraguay, Brazil, and Argentina. This study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the current distribution of healthcare facilities and to understand the disparities in accessibility across different regions and populations within the study area. Following research questions and objectives were developed. + +RQ1: What are the differences in accessibility to healthcare facilities between Paraguay, Brazil, and Argentina and their states? \\ +% +OB1: Compare the accessibility to healthcare facilities between Paraguay, Brazil, and Argentina, as well as their respective states. \\ +% +This comparison will highlight the differences in healthcare accessibility among the three countries and within their internal regions, providing insights into regional disparities and potential areas for improvement. \\\\ +% +RQ2: How does population density influence accessibility? \\ +% +OB2: Analyse the influence of population density on accessibility to healthcare facilities by examining the correlation between population density and the availability of healthcare services. \\ +% +This aims to identify whether densely populated areas have better or worse access to healthcare compared to less populated regions.\\\\ +% +RQ3: What are the differences in accessibility to healthcare facilities between the overall population and indigenous communities? \\ +% +OB3: Investigate the differences in accessibility to healthcare facilities between the overall population and indigenous communities within the tri-border area. \\ +% +This aspect of the research is crucial for understanding the specific challenges faced by indigenous populations in accessing healthcare and for identifying any significant disparities that may exist. + +\chapter{Methodology}\label{sec:methodology} + +In the context of healthcare, several accessibility metrics are commonly used. The most prominent include the "Floating Catchment Area," "Minimum Travel Time," and "Minimum Network Distance," as reviewed by \citet{neutens_accessibility_2015} and \cite{mark_f_guagliardo_spatial_2004}. These metrics can be calculated through various methods, such as Euclidean distance methods, network-based methods, and raster-based methods, also reviewed by \citet{neutens_accessibility_2015}. This thesis employs the "Minimum Travel Time" metric using a raster-based cost distance approach due to its demonstrated effectiveness by \cite{neutens_accessibility_2015} \& \cite{fortney_phd_comparing_2000} and because it consistently identifies more areas and people with limited accessibility compared to the network-based method and is more sensitive to travel speed settings identified by \cite{delamater_measuring_2012}. Notable earlier works utilising a similar method include \citet{tanser_modelling_2006}, \cite{brabyn_modeling_2002} and \citet{weiss_global_2020}.\\ +% +This thesis updates and refines the methodology for calculating travel times from \citet{weiss_global_2020} to address the specified research questions. Humanitarian mapping and volunteered geographic information have been validated as reliable sources by \cite{goodchild_citizens_2007}, \cite{barron_comprehensive_2014}, and \cite{herfort_evolution_2021}. Consequently, data sources such as OpenStreetMap for roads, healthcare facilities, and the Global Human Settlement Layer from the \citet{european_commission_joint_research_centre_global_2021} are utilized, supplemented by official governmental sources. Additionally, this thesis incorporates official governmental data on indigenous communities and their locations. The objective of this approach is to simplify and automate the process of generating travel time maps, making them easier to replicate and more accessible. This addresses the issues highlighted by \citet{weiss_global_2020}, who conducted detailed calculations involving numerous factors that may not always be necessary for answering these specific questions. + +\section{Overview of the Approach} +The main idea of this methodology was to combine a friction surface map, that models the cost of movement through space to the healthcare facilities. With a cost distance algorithm, the least cost effective path to these facilities can be calculated. A high level visualisation of the created model is visible in figure \ref{fig:overviewworkflow}. + +\begin{figure}[H] + \centering + \includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{figures/overviewworkflow.png} + \caption{Overview Workflow} + \label{fig:overviewworkflow} +\end{figure} + +\subsection{Software and Tools} +This methodology was developed using the QGIS Geographic Information System \citet{qgis_development_team_qgis_2024}. This software includes many algorithms and tools for basic geographic data processing and it also includes a model builder which was also used to automate the creation of the results. The Model itself was not available from earlier work and needed to be re-implemented with this model builder. Libraries for geographic data processing that were used were the GDAL (Geospatial Data Abstraction Library) from \citet{rouault_gdal_2024} for basic raster processing and the System for Automated Geoscientific Analyses (SAGA) by \citet{conrad_system_2015} mostly for the cost distance calculation. Utility tools were developed with Python by the \citet{python_software_foundation_python_2024}. For plotting the libaries NumPy by \cite{harris_array_2020}, SciPy by \cite{virtanen_scipy_2020}, Geopandas by \cite{jordahl_geopandasgeopandas_2020} and Matplotlib \cite{hunter_matplotlib_2007} were used. + +\subsection{Dijkstra Algorithm} +The most important algorithm is the cost distance calculation which was first developed by Dijkstra and is based on graph theory \citet{dijkstra_note_1959}. It is a well-known algorithm for solving the single-source shortest-path problem in weighted graphs with non-negative edge weights. The algorithm finds the shortest path from a start node to all other nodes in the graph, generating a shortest path tree. +The methodology of Dijkstra's algorithm begins by initialising the distances of all nodes. The start node is marked with a distance of zero, while all other nodes are initially assigned an infinite distance. The algorithm uses a priority queue to manage the nodes that have not yet been visited. At the beginning, the start node is inserted into the queue. +The algorithm works iteratively by selecting the node with the smallest known distance from the queue in each step. This node is marked as "visited" and its neighbours are examined. The distance across the current node is calculated for each neighbouring node. If this new distance is smaller than the previously known distance of the neighbouring node, the distance is updated and the neighbouring node is added to the queue or its priority in the queue is adjusted. +This process continues until all nodes have been visited or the shortest distances to all reachable nodes have been calculated. The Dijkstra algorithm guarantees that the shortest distances are correct, as it selects the node with the smallest distance in each step. + +\subsection{Reference System} +Since the result was a travel time map, a projected coordinate system was necessary for the calculations. Otherwise the values for calculation would be in min per degree instead of min per km. The Coordinate Reference System WGS 84 / Pseudo-Mercator with the Authority ID EPSG:3857 was chosen because of its units in meters an accuracy of 2 meters and it coverage of the whole world \citet{international_association_of_oil__gas_producers_iogp_epsg_2024}. It is also used in services like Google Maps, Open Street Maps, etc. which are also used for travel time calculation. All input data which is discussed further were re-projected to this coordinate reference system. + +\section{Administrative Data Pre-Processing} +The study area for this thesis was the tri-border of the Alto Paraná Atlantic Forest, as described in \ref{sec:introstudyarea}. The three city's Ciudad del Este, Foz do Iguaçu and Puerto Iguazú lie in the centre of this frontier and were chosen as the main point of interest. It was assumed that the greater the distance from the city into the countries, the greater the differences in travel time. \\ +% +To include as much information as possible a circular buffer with a radius of 200 km around the main point of interest, Ciudad Del Este, was created. The size of the buffer was determined by visual examination of the population density layer of the GHSL \citet{european_commission_joint_research_centre_global_2021} (Figure \ref{fig:buffer}). A big enough buffer was needed so rural areas are included and it also needed to be small enough so it does not enter the next populated area. Another buffer of 100 km was used to crop the results to minimise boundary conditions that can arise when a region is cut of a populated area and would otherwise have a higher travel time. For most of the calculations the 200 km buffer was used. \\ +% +To not cut of any municipalities, which were necessary for the analysis, these buffer were intersected with all the municipality polygons of each country. This municipality boundary data and the country boundary data were made openly available by \citet{runfola_geoboundaries_2020}. More information in section \ref{sec:appendix:datasets}. The input data also needed pre-processing like fixing the geometries. \\ +% +The result of the administrative data pre-processing were one study area with a radius of 200 km, one with a radius of 100 km (Figure \ref{fig:buffer}). Both were produced for the municipality level and the country level and an overall level with all information dissolved for calculation (Figure \ref{fig:studyarea}). And another result were the hexagonal grid of 10 km diameter. A high level visualization of the workflow is visible in figure \ref{fig:studyareaworkflow}. + +\begin{figure}[H] + \centering + \includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{figures/studyareaworkflow.png} + \caption{Administrative Data Pre-Processing Workflow} + \label{fig:studyareaworkflow} +\end{figure} + +\begin{figure}[H] + \centering + \includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{figures/Buffer.png} + \caption{Administrative Data Pre-Processing Buffers} + \label{fig:buffer} +\end{figure} + +\section{Facilities Data Pre-Processing}\label{sec:method:healthcaredist} +There are many sources of geo-referenced healthcare facilities. For example, crowd-sourced data like that of Open Street Map are a good starting point. \\ +% +But the first observation showed that this data was not sufficient as a standalone dataset. This was due to the objectives of this study. This data varies heavily in accuracy do to different usages in different regions and also accessibility to these tools to generate data \citet{haklay_how_2010}. Since this study looks at three different countries in comparison, this dataset alone would introduce biases through different use in these countries. Using official governmental data suffers from these same shortcomings. The primary limitation of this work was the varying levels of completeness in the healthcare facility database across different countries. To combat these it was decided that all available data was used mitigate these biases and get a more accurate representation of reality. \\ +% +The data that was used from Open Street Map was fetched from providers like Healthsite.io and HOTOSM who are specialised in processing OSM healthcare data and providing them to the public. Governmental data were gathered from MSPBS from the Paraguayan government and from CNES from the Brazilian government, more information about the datasets in the appendix \ref{sec:appendix:datasets}. Data from the Argentinian government was more incomplete as the data found on OSM, so OSM data was used instead. \\ +% +The usage of overlapping datasets introduced duplication's which were removed. This was achieved with merging overlapping facilities with a radius of $1 \ km^2$ into one facility. +For the use in the calculations a few pre-processing steps were necessary like refactoring of fields to the same datatype. \\ +% +To create a more homogeneous dataset, the healthcare facilities were filtered by the tags "hospital" and "doctors". Other healthcare facilities like pharmacies were removed because they do not suffice to our classification of healthcare and were not part of the objectives. Data from official government sources needed to be translated and reclassified to fit the overall classification. +All pre-processed data were merged into one dataset. At last, the dataset were clipped to the study area. +To remove duplicates a grid of $1 \ km$ by $1\ km$ rectangle grid was created. The diameter was decided based on the resolution of the final travel time map. Every polygon that intersected a facility was extracted. For each remaining polygon the centroid point was calculated which results in the facilities. Through that processing The facility number was reduced by 75\%. The final dataset is visible in figure \ref{fig:healthcare}\\ +% +\begin{figure}[H] + \centering + \includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{figures/facilitiesworkflow.png} + \caption{Facilities Data Pre-Processing Workflow} + \label{fig:facilitiesworkflow} +\end{figure} + +\begin{figure}[H] + \centering + \includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{figures/Healthcare Facilities.png} + \caption{Healthcare Facilities} + \label{fig:healthcare} +\end{figure} + +\section{Friction Surface Creation}\label{sec:method:frictionsurface} +A friction surface represents the cost associated with moving through a given space \citet{carrothers_historical_1956}. There are multiple methods for creating such a surface. One approach, suggested by \citet{weiss_global_2020}, involves layering various cost factors—such as road types and borders—and integrating them into a single, comprehensive raster. \\ +% +For what to include in the friction surface this thesis took a few assumptions. The first assumption was that people move through space at an optimal speed. This was assumed to simplify the calculation and reduce the factors in human travel. The second assumption was that road transport is the mean transport form in my study area. The third assumption was that the impact of road travel over-weighs the short distance walking transport travel times the longer the travel takes. \\ +% +Because of that and in addition that accessibility in urban areas is far more influenced on non-spatial factors which are not in the scope of this thesis, walking transport was not considered in the friction surface. Weather conditions and seasonality were also not considered due to their variability. And slope was also not considered due to the relief of the study area which is mostly shallow which effects road transport only minimal. \\ +% +The following describes the pre-procesing workflow for the roads of the study area (Figure \ref{fig:roadsworkflow}). The road network was accessed through OSM with the help of the Overpass API \citet{olbricht_drolbroverpass-api_2024}, which is a web-based service that allows users to access and query OSM data programmaticly. More information about the sources are in section \ref{sec:appendix:datasets}. All roads with the key "highway" where extracted from the study area. Road regulations and traffic were not included, due to unavailability of data. Roads were differentiated between paved and unpaved categories, due to their different influences on travel time \citet{weiss_global_2018}. Following attribute values were categorised as paved roads: "asfalto\_pavimentado, asphalt, cobblestone, cobblestone:flattened, compacted, concrete, concrete:plates, fine\_gravel, grass\_paver, gravel, paved, paving\_stones, paving\_stones:30, pebblestone, sett, unpaved;paved, metal, Elevada\_em\_comcreto, gate". Every other attribute value were categorised as unpaved. For the use in the calculations a few pre-processing steps were necessary like refactoring of fields to the same datatype and dissolving for faster processing speeds and a more homogeneous end result. + +\begin{figure}[H] + \centering + \includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{figures/roadsworkflow.png} + \caption{Road Data Pre-Processing Workflow} + \label{fig:roadsworkflow} +\end{figure} + +Given the study area is transnational, considering borders as a reducing factor in travel time was essential. For the creation of the border layer the country polygons where converted to lines. The study area was subtracted to not have false borders around the study area that are not existent in the layer (Figure \ref{fig:bordersworkflow}). + +\begin{figure}[H] + \centering + \includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{figures/bordersworkflow.png} + \caption{Border Data Pre-Processing Workflow} + \label{fig:bordersworkflow} +\end{figure} + +After the friction layers are chosen it was necessary to weigh up each layer with their corresponding movement speed. This creates the friction surface with different values of friction in the end. In the following table \ref{tab:frictionsurface} the given movement speeds with their corresponding layers are presented. The values are based on earlier work from the \citet{european_commission_joint_research_centre_global_2021}. + +\begin{table}[H] + \centering + \begin{tabular}{|l|l|l|} \hline + + Friction & Movement Speed (min/km) & (km/hr) \\ \hline + Unpaved & 1 & 60 \\ \hline + Paved & 6 & 10 \\ \hline + Borders & 120 & 0.125 \\ \hline + \end{tabular} + \caption{Friction Type and Movement Speed} + \label{tab:frictionsurface} +\end{table} + +To have a reasonable outcome value for the result, the resolution of all layers of the friction surface were set to the same resolution. A resolution of $1 \ km$ by $1 \ km$ was chosen. This resolution was a good middle-ground between high resolution calculation and coverage of the whole study area. It was also recommended by the \citet{european_commission_joint_research_centre_global_2021}. The assumption was made that the calculated travel time of an area of $1 \ km^2$ would have a similar travel distance because of the possible of moving to the next road in between this $1 \ km^2$ area. \\ +% +It also makes things easier in the calculation of the results units. For example, given that an entity moves with a movement speed of $1 \ min/km$ through $10$ pixel's or kilometre's it would take him $10$ minutes to traverse this distance. This requires that the chosen cost distance algorithm calculates the diagonal traversal of a pixel the same as the horizontal and vertical traversal. + +\begin{equation} + 1 \ \frac{\text{min}}{\text{km}} \cdot 10 \ \text{km} = 10 \ \text{min} + \label{eq:costdistance} +\end{equation} + +Each layer influencing the friction was converted from a polygon to a raster. Pixels with an intersecting polygon get burnt in with their corresponding movement speed value. For every other pixel null was assigned. The GDAL algorithm "Rasterize (vector to raster)" was used for that. +Finally all layers where merged to one friction surface (Figure \ref{fig:frictionsurfaceworkflow}). Overlaying pixels were overwritten in the order of input which determined the precedence. This ensures that the most likely friction was assigned. The order was "Unpaved $<$ Paved $<$ Borders". It was assumed that if the actor would have both types of roads available it would choose the faster one, so paved roads come before unpaved. Further it was assumed that if an actor would face crossing a border the border travel time would be before all else. The GDAL algorithm "Merge" was used for that. + +\begin{figure}[H] + \centering + \includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{figures/frictionsurfaceworkflow.png} + \caption{Friction Surface Workflow} + \label{fig:frictionsurfaceworkflow} +\end{figure} + +\section{Travel Time Analysis}\label{sec:method:traveltime} +The last step in the methodology was to apply a cost-distance analysis. The friction surface was used as it was and as the starting location for every pixel. The facilities are used as the target location (Section \ref{sec:method:healthcaredist}). The SAGA algorithm "Accumulated cost" was used for that \citet{conrad_system_2015}. + +\begin{figure}[H] + \centering + \includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{figures/traveltimeworkflow.png} + \caption{Travel Time Workflow} + \label{fig:traveltimeworkflow} +\end{figure} + +\section{Accessibility between Countries}\label{sec:method:spatialanalysis} + +\begin{figure}[H] + \centering + \includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{figures/analysisworkflow.png} + \caption{Analysis Workflow} + \label{fig:analysisworkflow} +\end{figure} + +The spatial analysis was separated into two levels. The municipality level and the country level. The travel time raster was combined with each levels layer and processed with the "Zonal Statistics" tool to gather a mean travel time value for each polygon. + +\section{Accessibility for Indigenous Communities}\label{sec:method:indigenous} + +For the third research question the earlier created data from indigenous communities was used to identify the travel time for them. For this, a hexagonal grid was used. Every hexagon that intersected a indigenous community was extracted. All remaining hexagons were used in a similar calculation from the previous analysis for the municipalities and the country. The symbology was also very important for the visualisation of the map here classification by quantile was chosen do to the good representation of distribution of travel times. Because lower travel times were less common in the data but more common visually a quantile classification was used. Higher values are represented more homogeneously than lower values. For further visualisation purposes every map was also created as a plot. For this self developed utility tools were used that streamline the workflow between QGIS and the library Matplotlib. + + +To answer the third research question data from a part of the population was needed. Since the study area shows a high accumulation of indigenous people, it was decided to gather such data to examine the behaviour of travel time for this part of the population \citet{berger_indigenous_2024}. Data was made available from the Brazilian and Argentinian government. For the Paraguayan government only a map was available. This map and their containing points for the indigenous communities needed to be Geo-referenced to use for further processing (Figure \ref{fig:indigcom}). Here also duplicates were removed. At last all the data were merged (Figure \ref{fig:indcomworkflow}. The final dataset is shown in figure \ref{fig:indigcom}. + +\begin{figure}[H] + \centering + \includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{figures/indcomworkflow.png} + \caption{Indigenous Communities Workflow} + \label{fig:indcomworkflow} +\end{figure} + +\begin{figure}[H] + \centering + \includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{figures/icanalysisworkflow.png} + \caption{Analysis for Indigenous Communities Workflow} + \label{fig:analysisindcomworkflow} +\end{figure} + +\begin{figure}[H] + \centering + \includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{figures/Indigenous Communities.png} + \caption{Indigenous Communities} + \label{fig:indigcom} +\end{figure} + +\section{Sensitivity Analysis} +As suggested by \cite{frew_investigating_2017} a sensitivity analysis can assess the usability geo-spatial data usability. Because of that, the sensitivity of all factors were observed during the development process. It became clear, that the availability of roads and facilities are the most influential in determining travel time to healthcare facilities. They are connected, in the view of that many facilities without road connectivity would have the same impact on travel time on the region as a high road availability with faster roads with less facilities to reach. This includes also the parameters of road types that influenced the travel time. It needs all three. Secondary parameters are parameters of resolution. These parameters influenced the result only in this regard that they refine the outcome. They enrich or dis-enrich the results. Parameters like the resolution of the raster's, the size of the buffer which facilities get excluded and which roads get excluded. These parameters effected to results only in this regard that they specialise it to answer specific questions. + +\chapter{Results} + +This chapter presents the results of this study which tried to analyse travel times to healthcare facilities in the tri-border of the Alto Paraná Atlantic Forest. A friction surface was created to include different factors influencing travel time, like road types and borders (Figure \ref{fig:frictionsurface}). A travel time map was created with the use of this a healthcare facility dataset (Figure \ref{fig:traveltime}). Following that, the travel time map is used to analyse differences in travel time between jurisdictions in figure \ref{fig:traveltimestatesplot} and \ref{fig:traveltimecountriesplot} and populations in figure \ref{fig:correlation} including indigenous communities in figure \ref{fig:traveltimeindigstatesplot} and \ref{fig:traveltimeindigcountriesplot}. + +\section{Distribution of Healthcare Facilities} + +\begin{table}[h!] +\caption{Healthcare Facilities in the Study Area, Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay} +\centering +\begin{tabular}{|l|c|c|c|c|} +\hline +\textbf{} & \textbf{Study Area} & \textbf{Argentina} & \textbf{Brazil} & \textbf{Paraguay} \\ +\hline +\textbf{Hospitals } & 112 / 4\% & 28 & 35 & 49 \\ +\hline +\textbf{Other Healthcare Facilities } & 2533 / 96\% & 519 & 1432 & 582 \\ +\hline +\textbf{Total} & 2645 / 100\% & 547 & 1467 & 631 \\ +\hline +\end{tabular} +\label{table:healthcare_facilities} +\end{table} + +To investigate the current distribution of healthcare facilities in the study area, various datasets of healthcare facilities were collected, merged and filtered, as described in \ref{sec:method:healthcaredist}. Healthcare facilities are represented in figure \ref{fig:healthcare} by red dots, clearly indicating their locations. The boundaries of the study area are outlined in red, distinguishing it from the surrounding regions. Borders are outlined in thick black lines and municipalities in thin black lines. \\ +% +There is a dense concentration of healthcare facilities around central urban regions, especially around the tri-border cities which shows the highest density in the entire region. In contrast, the peripheral regions, especially those closer to the borders with Paraguay and Argentina, exhibit a sparser distribution of healthcare facilities. \\ +% +The density of healthcare facilities in Paraguay is more evenly distributed within their part of the region but is overall lower in comparison to Brazil and Argentina. Brazil shows the highest density of healthcare facilities, which are also the most equally distributed across the region. In comparison, Argentina exhibits a greater disparity in the distribution of healthcare facilities between rural and urban areas. Despite this disparity, Argentina still has a denser distribution of healthcare facilities compared to Paraguay. \\ +% +Overall, the distribution of healthcare facilities highlights significant regional disparities, with Brazil leading in both density and equitable distribution, followed by Argentina and then Paraguay. \\ +% +To analyse the results quantitatively statistics were calculated seen in table \ref{table:healthcare_facilities}. The dataset included in total 2645 facilities. 112 or 4\% of that were data entry with a "hospital" in their attributes. 2533 or 96\% were other Healthcare facilities. Paraguay had the most hospitals with 49 and Brazil 35 and Argentina 28. For other healthcare facilities Brazil had the most with 1432 and Paraguay 582 and Argentina 519. + +\section{Analysis of the Friction surface}\label{sec:results:frictionsurface} +To analyse the travel time to healthcare facilities a friction surface for the study area was created as described in section \ref{sec:method:frictionsurface}. \\ +% +The analysis of the friction surface in the study area visible in figure \ref{fig:frictionsurface} showed a high variability of the friction depending on the surface type. Paved roads which are shown in blue were the fastest surface type and were concentrated around city centres and connecting roads between cities. The highest concentration was in the centre of the tri-border. Unpaved roads, which are shown in yellow, on the other hand extended over the whole study area. Borders which are shown in red cross the study area from north to south and separated Paraguay in the west from Brazil and Argentina in the east. Those on the other hand were separated again through a border from the centre to the east. \\ +% +Noticeable over the whole study area are regions which are not categorised in the friction surface, they usually lie outside of the fresh-bone pattern of the roads, especially unpaved roads. This pattern also differs between the countries. In Paraguay the density of paved and unpaved roads is less which results in a fuzzier coverage. In comparison is the density of Brazil and Argentina greater than in Paraguay that is visible through bigger covering unpaved areas with lesser un-categorised areas. Also the paved roads are more established which are predominant in the north of Brazil and the east of Argentina. And lastly another difference are the big empty areas in Brazil and Argentina which were analysed in Appendix \ref{sec:validation:frictionsurface}. They mostly consist of forests and national parks and that is why there are less roads there in the dataset.\\ +% +The differences in road-condition and border areas that are visible are important for the understanding of the differences in friction in this region. The friction surface suggest that there is a connection between road condition and friction. Because of the graduated change from paved to unpaved and at lastly to no road coverage. This can be translated to a gradient for friction from urban areas with low friction to rural areas with high friction. This means residents in rural areas have a greater cost of movement than residents of urban areas. + +\begin{figure}[H] + \centering + \includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{figures/Friction Surface.png} + \caption{Friction Surface} + \label{fig:frictionsurface} +\end{figure} + +\section{Assessment of Travel time} +To analyse the travel time to healthcare facilities the accumulated cost in travel time to the nearest healthcare facilities for the study area was calculated as described in section \ref{sec:method:traveltime}. The results suggests significant differences within the study area. The travel time map shows a clear gradient in accessibility to healthcare facilities, from blue areas of short travel time over yellow areas with average travel time and red areas with long travel time (Figure \ref{fig:traveltime}). The average travel time ranges from zero to over two hours. Two hours was chosen as a cap since $90\%$ of the data as visible in \ref{fig:traveltimedistribution} was lying under two hours and clipping the outliers gives a better visualisation of the real results.\\ +% +The centre of the study area with the tri-border and the population centre has the best travel time in the whole study area. It is also very homogeneous for around 25 km radius. Going from the centre you see a distribution from short travel times to long travel time especially when you deviate from big roads and closing on uncovered areas.\\ +% +In Argentina, the south-east part of the study area, the travel time decreases with distance from the border areas, which are also the areas with the best road infrastructure, to the centre of the country area, with poorer road types but still a well established network. The areas of short travel time are also much bigger than in comparison to the west of the border in Paraguay.\\ +% +The Brazilian part of the study area in the north-east is the most well established part of the study area. Most of the this area has a short travel time with only a few areas with average travel time and a handful of areas with short long travel time. \\ +% +The Paraguayan part of the study area, located in the east and also the largest section, is the most diverse in terms of travel time. There are regions similar to Brazil and Argentina, primarily in the center of the study area. Beyond this point, travel time decreases more rapidly than in the other countries when transitioning from urban to rural areas. This is evident in the thickness of the blue short-travel-time areas, which transition quickly to yellow average-travel-time areas and then to large red long-travel-time areas. Long travel times are concentrated in the north and between the main connecting paved roads. + +\begin{figure}[H] + \centering + \includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{figures/Travel Time.png} + \caption{Travel Time} + \label{fig:traveltime} +\end{figure} + +\begin{figure}[H] + \centering + \includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{figures/traveltimedistribution.png} + \caption{Travel Time Distribution} + \label{fig:traveltimedistribution} +\end{figure} + +\section{Accessibility between Countries} + +To analyse the differences in accessibility of healthcare for jurisdiction a spatial analysis was made as described in \ref{sec:method:spatialanalysis}. The result of this are visible in figure \ref{fig:traveltimestatesplot}. A quantitative overview of average travel time supplements the spatial analysis. The bar plot allows for a comparative analysis of all average travel times per municipality. And also between the countries of each municipality of the tri-border of Argentina in blue, Brazil in yellow and Paraguay in red. The data shows a strong variability between the municipalities. \\ +% +San Alberto in Paraguay has the longest average travel time, in all of the study area compared to the other countries, with over three hours. Ciudad Del Este also in Paraguay shows the shortest average travel time, in all of the study area compared to the other countries, with under 15 minutes. This again highlights the high variability in travel time which were also visible in figure \ref{fig:traveltime}. \\ +% +The municipalities of Brazil show a similar variability in average travel time than Paraguay but not so drastic. The average travel time in the Brazilian municipalities ranges from over two and a half hours to half an hour.\\ +% +The municipalities of Argentina are grouped in the middle of the distribution and are ranging from one hour to half and hour average travel time. This signifies a lower variability than in Paraguay. It is to note here that there are only three municipalities of Argentina included here so the data might not be representative in comparison to the data from Brazil and Paraguay because they have more municipalities included in the study area. + +\begin{figure}[H] + \centering + \includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{figures/states.png} + \caption{Average Travel Time per Municipality} + \label{fig:traveltimestatesplot} +\end{figure} + +In figure \ref{fig:traveltimecountriesplot} the average travel time to healthcare facilities of the three countries in the triple-border are visible. The data shows that Paraguay has the longest average travel time of the three countries of over an hour. Argentina has the shortest average travel time under 50 minutes and Brazil in the middle of them with over 50 minutes. It is to note here that in average the travel time does not deviate strongly between each country. The differences are only under 10 minutes. + +\begin{figure}[H] + \centering + \includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{figures/countries.png} + \caption{Average Travel Time per Country} + \label{fig:traveltimecountriesplot} +\end{figure} + +\section{Population Density and Accessibility}\label{sec:results:popdens} +To analyse the differences in accessibility of healthcare for populations the population was first analysed in total. For that the maximum travel time in hours was plotted against the population density in percentage (Figure \ref{fig:correlation}). The scatter plot shows the relationship between these two datasets. Every point represents a location on the map. For visualisation only the maximum travel times for every 1\% bin was plotted, since the travel time can also be very high in low population areas where the distance to the facility is very close. The red line is an exponential fit of the data, suggesting an exponential trend decay in the relationship, where maximum travel times are significantly higher in areas of low population density. As population density increases, the maximum travel time rapidly decreases, levelling off ass density continues to increase. The initial steep decline of the exponential fit indicates that even small increases in population density can significantly reduce maximum travel time to healthcare facilities. In areas of medium to high population density, the curve flattens, suggesting that beyond a certain threshold, increases in population density have a lower positive impact on maximum travel time. + +\begin{figure}[H] + \centering + \includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{figures/correlation.png} + \caption{Correlation of travel time and Population Density} + \label{fig:correlation} +\end{figure} + +\section{Accessibility for Indigenous Communities}\label{sec:results:indigenous} + +\begin{table}[h!] +\caption{Indigenous Communities in the Study Area, Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay} +\centering +\begin{tabular}{|l|c|c|c|c|} +\hline +\textbf{} & \textbf{Study Area} & \textbf{Argentina} & \textbf{Brazil} & \textbf{Paraguay} \\ +\hline +\textbf{Indigenous Communities }& 100& 20& 5& 75\\\hline +\end{tabular} +\label{table:indigenouscommunities} +\end{table} + +To analyse the average travel time for a part of the population the method of section \ref{sec:method:indigenous} was used. The distribution of Indigenous Communities was 100 in total in the study area (\ref{table:indigenouscommunities}). Most of the communities were in Paraguay with 75, followed by Argentina with 20 and 5 in Brazil (\ref{table:indigenouscommunities}). The bar plot shows the average travel time to healthcare facilities for indigenous communities within the tri-border, grouped by state and country (Figure \ref{fig:traveltimeindigstatesplot}). With Paraguay in red and Brazil in yellow and Argentina in blue. The chart ranks states from the longest average travel time to the shortest. The state San Cristobal in Paraguay shows the highest average travel time with over two hours. The shortest average travel time shows Foz do Iguacu in Brazil with under 10 min. Compared to the figure \ref{fig:traveltimestatesplot} the distribution of Brazil and Argentina is less spreaded and groups on the right side of the plot which means that these countries show a short average travel time to healthcare facilities for indigenous communities than for the whole population. The maximum average Travel time for Brazil and Argentina is under half an hour. Which is a deviation of 20 minutes. For Paraguay the results look similar to the whole population with an overall slight increase of average travel time visible in the higher average travel time in the Paraguayan states that had the shortest travel time. In Paraguay the average travel time ranges from over 15 minutes to over two hours. Which is a deviation of 1,75 hours. + +\begin{figure}[H] + \centering + \includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{figures/statesIC.png} + \caption{Average Travel Time per Municipality for Indigenous Communities} + \label{fig:traveltimeindigstatesplot} +\end{figure} +These results are mirrored in the plotting of the overall average travel time of each country in figure \ref{fig:traveltimeindigcountriesplot}. Paraguay shows an average travel time of under one hour. With over half an hour less Argentina shows an average travel time of under 25 minutes and Brazil shows the shortest travel time with under 15 minutes. Here again Argentina and Brazil show a similar average travel time with a difference of 10 minutes. +\begin{figure}[H] + \centering + \includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{figures/countriesIC.png} + \caption{Average Travel Time per Country for Indigenous Communities} + \label{fig:traveltimeindigcountriesplot} +\end{figure} + +\chapter{Discussion} + +%General Introduction + +In the following chapter each research question is discussed in detail. First, results and their interpretation of the differences in accessibility to healthcare facilities between Paraguay, Brazil and Argentina and their respective states were examined. Next, the correlation between the population density and accessibility was discussed. Finally, the results and interpretation of differences in accessibility to healthcare facilities between the overall population and indigenous communities were compared. + + +\section{Accessibility between Countries} + +To investigate the differences in accessibility to healthcare facilities between Paraguay, Brazil and Argentina and their respective states, a spatial analysis was done as described in \ref{sec:method:spatialanalysis}. The goal was to find out the accessibility of healthcare facilities within each country and their states and to compare these differences. \\ +% +The analyses revealed visible differences in travel times between countries visible in figure \ref{fig:traveltimecountriesplot} and \ref{fig:traveltimestatesplot}. There are significant differences in travel times to healthcare facilities between Paraguay, Brazil and Argentina with Paraguay experiencing the longest travel times, which aligns with \cite{gbd_2016_healthcare_access_and_quality_collaborators_measuring_2018}. This disparity can be attributed to Paraguay's different developmental status compared to Brazil and Argentina, as described in section \ref{sec:introstudyarea} by \cite{world_bank_world_2022}. The longer average travel time in Paraguay could be due to lower population density, as indicated in \citet{european_commission_joint_research_centre_global_2021} and \cite{united_nations_world_2022}, or a low density distribution of healthcare facilities, as seen in the data \ref{fig:healthcare}. In Brazil, the shorter average travel times might indicate a broader and more homogeneous distribution of healthcare facilities, as also seen in the data \ref{fig:healthcare}. \\ +% +Paraguay as a low income country country has shown poorer accessibility as Brazil and Argentina which are higher developed as highlighted by \cite{world_bank_world_2022}. This aligns with existing literature, highlighting the disparities in healthcare accessibility in developing versus more developed regions, like \cite{mcintyre_access_2009} and \cite{de_siqueira_filha_economics_2022}. \\ +% +The study provides a comprehensive spatial analysis of healthcare accessibility across three countries, highlighting significant disparities and areas for improvement. But the analysis does not account for other barriers of healthcare access as described in section \ref{sec:introaccess} by \cite{wang_assessing_2005} and \cite{carrillo_defining_2011}. For example the quality of healthcare services, which are critical factors in assessing the overall healthcare provision. Additionally, patient preferences were not considered. For example, it might be preferable to travel a greater distance or cross borders to access better treatment even if a closer hospital is available . +A further limitation of the study is that the transition times were estimated across the borders and were set equally for all transitions. In reality, however, these could deviate considerably. +In addition, only the regions of the countries located in the study region were analysed. However, as there are also major differences in the level of development and healthcare provision within the countries, as described in section \ref{sec:introstudyarea} by \cite{gilardino_access_2016}, \cite{palacios_need_2020} and \cite{vacarezza_exploring_2023} for Argentina, by \cite{palmeira_analysis_2022}, \cite{santos_health_2022} and \cite{silva_emergency_2021} for Brazil and by \cite{amnesty_international_usa_paraguay_2024}, \cite{capurro_socioeconomic_2022} and \cite{world_health_organization_access_2024} for Paraguay, generalisations from the regions to the countries should be viewed critically. This was due to methodological limitations, like differences in data collection methods and the definition of healthcare facilities across countries. For example, for Paraguay and Brazil official government data were used to enrich the dataset because of in-completion, as described in section \ref{sec:method:healthcaredist}. This was skipped for Argentina due to big overlapping of the OSM dataset and official sources. Secondly these dataset showed different definitions of healthcare facilities. Facilities with the "Doctor" tag might be a hospital or a local clinic. These inconsistencies may affect the comparability and accuracy of the results. This highlights the need for standardising healthcare facility definitions and data collection methods. + \\ +% + +The observed inter-municipality and cross-country variations reflect the complexity of healthcare accessibility and emphasise the need for better regional policies and planning. The significant range within Paraguay calls for a focused policy, particularly in states like San Pedro, where the mean travel time exceeds two hours. For Argentina and Brazil, while the situations seem less critical, there is still a clear indication that policies could further reduce travel times in rural areas, thereby increasing healthcare accessibility. The municipalities closer to the lower end of the travel time spectrum can serve as benchmarks for policy development in other regions like the spillover effect described in \citet{piquer-rodriguez_land_2021}. \\ +% +Future research should focus on addressing the data inconsistencies. Also additionally research should include more comprehensive data on healthcare facilities, including quality and patient preferences, and expand the analysis to cover entire countries. Temporal studies analysing changes over time could also offer insights into the effectiveness of policies and evolving healthcare needs. \\ +% +In conclusion, the accessibility of healthcare facilities showed notable disparities between Paraguay, Brazil, Argentina, with Paraguay experiencing the longest travel times, which aligns with literature like \cite{gbd_2016_healthcare_access_and_quality_collaborators_measuring_2018}.. This part also highlight the need for policy actions to improve healthcare, particularly in under-served regions, to ensure equitable access. + + + +\section{Population Density and Accessibility} + +For investigating how the population density influences accessibility, the population density was correlated with travel time, as described in \ref{sec:results:popdens}. \\ +% +Analysing the results, of this, revealed that there is a strong correlation between population density and travel times to healthcare facilities, with higher population density areas generally having shorter travel times, which aligns with \cite{obubu_evaluation_2023} and \cite{shi_revealing_2020}. The Analysis of the plot \ref{fig:correlation} showed an initial steep decline of the exponential fit, indicating that even small increases in population density can significantly reduce travel times to healthcare facilities. This is likely due to the fact that higher population densities can justify the establishment of more healthcare facilities, thus reducing the distance individuals need to travel. +In areas of medium to high population density, the curve flattens, meaning travel time is low, suggesting that beyond a certain threshold, increases in population density have a negligible impact on travel time. This could be because once a sufficient number of healthcare facilities is reached to serve a denser population, additional increases in density do not require proportional increases in facilities. + +That travel times in low density areas like rural areas are longer, is probably because of the distribution and concentration of healthcare facilities in urban centres, as visible in \ref{fig:healthcare}, and also the infrastructure quality like road conditions and road types in rural areas that are worse then near city centres, as visible in \ref{fig:frictionsurface}. Continuing, there are greater disparities in accessibility within Argentina and Brazil between rural and urban areas, which aligns with \cite{gilardino_access_2016}, \cite{palacios_need_2020}, \cite{vacarezza_exploring_2023}, \cite{hone_effect_2019}, \cite{silva_emergency_2021} and \cite{palmeira_analysis_2022}. This can be interpreted as a result of further urbanisation during the development of these countries, as described in section \ref{sec:introstudyarea}. \\ +% +The study does not account for other barriers to healthcare access, which are described in section \ref{sec:introaccess} by \cite{wang_assessing_2005} and \cite{carrillo_defining_2011}. This factors that might influence the calculated travel time, such as transportation availability in rural areas, traffic jams and socioeconomic factors. This might lead to an overestimation or underestimation of travel times, indicating caution in interpretation. +While the findings are notable, they should be interpreted with caution when generalising to different regions with varying infrastructure and geographic characteristics. \\ +% +The study contributes to the theoretical understanding of how population density correlates with service accessibility, highlighting an exponential decay relationship. Practically, the findings suggest that improving accessibility in low-density areas would be visible with relatively small increases in population density or could be achieved through strategic placement of healthcare facilities to minimise travel times. Improving healthcare infrastructure in this rural regions could lead to better health outcomes and reduced inequities, as discussed in \citet{syed_traveling_2013}, \cite{davy_access_2016} and \cite{zhao_economic_2016}.\\ +% +Future research should explore the impact and correlation of other variables on travel time, such as transportation infrastructure and socioeconomic factors. Longitudinal studies could provide insights into how changes in population density over time affect accessibility. Further, expanding the geographical scope of the research could help in understanding regional differences in the population density-accessibility relationship.\\ +% +The findings also suggest the need for targeted infrastructure developments, particularly in rural areas, to enhance healthcare accessibility and equity. + + +\section{Accessibility for Indigenous Communities} + +To determine the differences in accessibility to healthcare facilities between the overall population and indigenous communities, travel times were analysed through the filter of indigenous communities, as described in \ref{sec:method:indigenous}. \\ +% +The analysis in section \ref{sec:results:indigenous} revealed visible differences in travel times between population groups, highlighting that indigenous communities face worse travel times compared to the overall population, which align with \cite{quintana_access_2021}, \cite{world_health_organization_access_2024} and \cite{santos_health_2022}. In Paraguay, the disparity in travel time is particularly pronounced. This discrepancy is likely due to systemic issues such as segregation or displacement, as identified by the \cite{united_nations_situation_2015}. Through that, many communities are situated in rural areas, which tend have poorer accessibility to healthcare facilities. Notable is also the differences between the countries and the accessibility of indigenous communities, which show a lower disparity in higher income countries like Argentina and Brazil in comparison to Paraguay, as described in \ref{sec:introstudyarea} (Figure \ref{fig:traveltimeindigstatesplot}). That indicates a connection between income of the country and disparities in accessibility between general and indigenous population. \\ +% +The findings align with existing literature \citet{davy_access_2016}, \cite{quintana_access_2021}, \cite{santos_health_2022} and \cite{world_health_organization_access_2024}, which document the challenges faced by indigenous communities in accessing healthcare . \\ +% +The analysis does not account for other healthcare accessibility barriers. Especially for the indigenous population, additional barriers such as communication, cultural differences and discrimination should be taken into account. Further, no distinction was made between private and public healthcare facilities, this financial barrier could have a strong impact on access for the local population, who often have less money at their disposal. \\ +% +While the general trend observed is likely robust, findings should be interpreted cautiously when generalising to different regions with varying infrastructure and geographic characteristics. Additionally, findings about indigenous communities might not be applicable for the whole community or others.\\ +% +With that this part of the study contributes to the understanding of how population characteristics influence service accessibility, highlighting systematic disparities. It highlights the need for targeted healthcare policies for indigenous communities, who are disproportionately affected by longer travel times. \\ +% +Following that future research should explore the impact of other variables on travel time, such as healthcare quality and different forms of barriers. +Additionally, studies could examine the accessibility of other essential services beyond healthcare, like education. Conduct temporal studies to provide insights into how changes in population characteristics over time affect accessibility. \\ +% + +\section{Conclusion} + +To summarise, this study provides a comprehensive analysis of healthcare accessibility in the tri-border of the Alto Paraná Atlantic Forest including Paraguay, Brazil and Argentina. It highlights the notable disparities in accessibility on the regional and societal level. The findings underscore the need for policy actions to improve healthcare accessibility, particularly in under-served regions and communities. Future research should address data refinement, consider additional barrier to healthcare access, and expand the geographical and temporal scope to provide a more comprehensive understanding of healthcare accessibility in different regions. By addressing these issues, policymakers can develop more effective strategies to ensure equitable access to healthcare for all, to promote the goal three of the agenda for sustainable development to "ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages." \citep{united_nations_transforming_2015}. + +\bibliography{references.bib} + +\appendix +\renewcommand{\thefigure}{\Alph{chapter}\arabic{figure}} +\setcounter{figure}{0} +\chapter{Data sets} \label{sec:appendix:datasets} + +%Table with all data sources and metadata% +\section{Countries and Borders} + +\begin{longtable}{|p{3cm}|p{10cm}|l|} + \hline + \textbf{Name}& \textbf{Source}\\ + \hline + Administrative boundaries provided by geoBoundaries & \cite{runfola_geoboundaries_2020}\\ + \hline +\end{longtable} + + +\section{Healthcare Facilities} +Sources used for the creation of the healthcare facilities dataset. +\begin{longtable}{|p{3cm}|p{10cm}|l|} + \hline + \textbf{Name}& \textbf{Source}\\ + \hline + Healthcare facilities provided by the Brazilian government &\cite{ministerio_da_saude_hospitais_2024}\\ + \hline + Healthcare facilities provided by the Paraguayan government& \cite{ministerio_de_salud_publica_mspbsgovpy_2024}\\ + \hline + Healthcare facilities provided by the Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Team + &\cite{humanitatiran_openstreetmap_team_hotosmorg_2024}\\ + \hline + Healthcare facilities provided by Healthsites.io &\cite{hostettler_healthsitesio_2018}\\ + \hline +\end{longtable} + + +\section{Road Network} + +\begin{longtable}{|p{3cm}|p{10cm}|l|} + \hline + \textbf{Name}& \textbf{Source} \\ + \hline + Roads provided by OpenStreetMap + & \cite{olbricht_drolbroverpass-api_2024}\\ + \hline + + +\end{longtable} + +\chapter{Validation}\label{sec:validation:frictionsurface} +To validate the results of the friction surface as described in \ref{sec:results:frictionsurface} all unclassified surfaces between roads and borders outside of city centres, shown as white areas in \ref{fig:frictionsurface} needed to be evaluated. +After looking at the difference raster of the friction surface and the MapBIOMAS land-cover raster \citet{souza_reconstructing_2020}, it is clear that these areas were mostly areas like water-bodies and national parks and forests (Figure \ref{fig:frictionsurfacelandcover}). + +\begin{figure}[H] + \centering + \includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{figures/Friction Surface_validation.png} + \caption{Friction Surface with Land Cover Source: \citet{souza_reconstructing_2020} \& \citet{runfola_geoboundaries_2020}} + \label{fig:frictionsurfacelandcover} +\end{figure} + +To validate further the percentage of population inside and outside the study area was examined. This was achieved with the population density raster by the EU (Figure \ref{fig:frictionsurfacepopdens}). + +\begin{figure}[H] + \centering + \includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{figures/Friction Surface_ghsl.png} + \caption{Friction Surface with Population Density} + \label{fig:frictionsurfacepopdens} +\end{figure} + +A earlier validation of these types of results was conducted by \cite{haynes_validation_2006}. They concluded that travel times calculated with GIS methods were moderately close approximations to reported travel times and also may be superior to reported travel times because reported travel times may conatin errors or can reflect unusual circumstances. + +\end{document} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/references.bib b/references.bib new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5063442 --- /dev/null +++ b/references.bib @@ -0,0 +1,4522 @@ + +@article{mark_f_guagliardo_spatial_2004, + title = {Spatial accessibility of primary care: concepts, methods and challenges}, + volume = {3}, + doi = {10.1186/1476-072x-3-3}, + abstract = {Primary care is recognized as the most important form of healthcare for maintaining population health because it is relatively inexpensive, can be more easily delivered than specialty and inpatient care, and if properly distributed it is most effective in preventing disease progression on a large scale. Recent advances in the field of health geography have greatly improved our understanding of the role played by geographic distribution of health services in population health maintenance. However, most of this knowledge has accrued for hospital and specialty services and services in rural areas. Much less is known about the effect of distance to and supply of primary care on primary care utilization, particularly in the U.S.}, + number = {1}, + journal = {International Journal of Health Geographics}, + author = {{Mark F. Guagliardo} and Guagliardo, Mark F.}, + month = feb, + year = {2004}, + keywords = {Methodology}, + pages = {3--3}, +} + +@techreport{united_nations_situation_2015, + address = {New York}, + title = {The situation of indigenous peoples in {Paraguay}}, + url = {https://primarysources.brillonline.com/browse/human-rights-documents-online/promotion-and-protection-of-all-human-rights-civil-political-economic-social-and-cultural-rights-including-the-right-to-development;hrdhrd99702016149}, + abstract = {Paraguay has a constitutional framework in which the rights of indigenous peoples are recognized. However, this normative framework has not been translated into the legislative, administrative or other measures needed to ensure the enjoyment by indigenous peoples of their human rights, in particular their fundamental right to self-determination and their rights to their lands, territories and natural resources. The lack of access to justice and the persistence of racism and discrimination are also causes for concern.}, + language = {en}, + urldate = {2024-06-20}, + author = {{United Nations}}, + year = {2015}, + note = {Institution: Koninklijke Brill NV}, + keywords = {Country Paraguay, Indigenous Communities, Introduction \& Discussion}, +} + +@techreport{united_nations_transforming_2015, + address = {New York}, + title = {Transforming our {World}: {The} 2030 {Agenda} for {Sustainable} {Development}}, + institution = {United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs}, + author = {{United Nations}}, + year = {2015}, + keywords = {Introduction \& Discussion, Sustainable development goals}, +} + +@article{deivanayagam_breaking_2023, + title = {Breaking free from tunnel vision for climate change and health}, + volume = {3}, + issn = {2767-3375}, + url = {https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0001684}, + doi = {10.1371/journal.pgph.0001684}, + abstract = {Climate change is widely recognised as the greatest threat to public health this century, but ‘climate change and health’ often refers to a narrow and limited focus on + emissions + , and the + impacts + of the climate crisis, rather than a holistic assessment of economic structures and systems of oppression. This tunnel vision misses key aspects of the climate change and health intersection, such as the enforcers of planetary destruction such as the military, police, and trade, and can also lead down dangerous alleyways such as ‘net’ zero, overpopulation arguments and green extractivism. Tunnel vision also limits health to the absence of the disease at the individual level, rather than sickness or health within systems themselves. Conceptualising health as political, ecological, and collective is essential for tackling the root causes of health injustice. Alternative economic paradigms can offer possibilities for fairer ecological futures that prioritise health and wellbeing. Examples such as degrowth, doughnut economics and ecosocialism, and their relationship with health, are described. The importance of reparations in various forms, to repair previous and ongoing harm, are discussed. Breaking free from tunnel vision is not simply an intellectual endeavour, but a practice. Moving towards new paradigms requires movement building and cultivating radical imagination. The review highlights lessons which can be learnt from abolitionist movements and progressive political struggles across the world. This review provides ideas and examples of how to break free from tunnel vision for climate change and health by highlighting and analysing the work of multiple organisations who are working towards social and economic transformation. Key considerations for the health community are provided, including working in solidarity with others, prioritising community-led solutions, and using our voice, skills, and capacity to address the structural diagnosis—colonial capitalism.}, + language = {en}, + number = {3}, + urldate = {2024-05-08}, + journal = {PLOS Global Public Health}, + author = {Deivanayagam, Thilagawathi Abi and Osborne, Rhiannon Elizabeth}, + editor = {Pai, Madhukar}, + month = mar, + year = {2023}, + keywords = {Healthcare effect of effect deforestation, Introduction \& Discussion}, + pages = {e0001684}, +} + +@techreport{sachs_implementing_2023, + title = {Implementing the {SDG} {Stimulus}. {Sustainable} {Development} {Report} 2023: {Sustainable} {Development} {Report} 2023}, + shorttitle = {Implementing the {SDG} {Stimulus}. {Sustainable} {Development} {Report} 2023}, + url = {http://www.tara.tcd.ie/handle/2262/102924}, + language = {en}, + urldate = {2024-05-01}, + institution = {[object Object]}, + author = {Sachs, Jeffrey D. and Lafortune, Guillaume and Fuller, Grayson and Drumm, Eamon}, + year = {2023}, + doi = {10.25546/102924}, + keywords = {Introduction \& Discussion, Sustainable development goals}, +} + +@article{shi_revealing_2020, + title = {Revealing the {Correlation} between {Population} {Density} and the {Spatial} {Distribution} of {Urban} {Public} {Service} {Facilities} with {Mobile} {Phone} {Data}}, + volume = {9}, + copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/}, + issn = {2220-9964}, + url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/9/1/38}, + doi = {10.3390/ijgi9010038}, + abstract = {Some studies have confirmed the association between urban public services and population density; however, other studies using census data, for example, have arrived at the opposite conclusion. Mobile signaling data provide new technological tools to investigate the subject. Based on the data of 20 million 2G mobile phone users in downtown Shanghai and the land use data of urban public service facilities, this study explores the spatiotemporal correlation between population density and public service facilities’ locations in downtown Shanghai and its variation laws. The correlation between individual population density at day vs. night and urban public service facilities distribution was also examined from a dynamic perspective. The results show a correlation between service facilities’ locations and urban population density at different times of the day. As a result, the average population density observed over a long period of time (day-time periodicity or longer) with census data or remote sensing data does not directly correlation with the distribution of public service facilities despite its correlation with public service facilities distribution. Among them, there is a significant spatial correlation between public service facilities and daytime population density and a significant spatial correlation between non-public service facilities and night-time population density. The spatial and temporal changes in the relationship between urban population density and service facilities is due to changing crowd behavior; however, the density of specific types of behavior is the real factor that affects the layout of urban public service facilities. The results show that mobile signaling data and land use data of service facilities are of great value for studying the spatiotemporal correlations between urban population density and service facilities.}, + language = {en}, + number = {1}, + urldate = {2024-06-20}, + journal = {ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information}, + author = {Shi, Yi and Yang, Junyan and Shen, Peiyu}, + month = jan, + year = {2020}, + note = {Number: 1 +Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute}, + keywords = {Healthcare correlation with pop dens}, + pages = {38}, +} + +@article{obubu_evaluation_2023, + title = {Evaluation of healthcare facilities and personnel distribution in {Lagos} {State}: implications on universal health coverage}, + volume = {51}, + issn = {2154-8331, 2377-1003}, + shorttitle = {Evaluation of healthcare facilities and personnel distribution in {Lagos} {State}}, + url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21548331.2023.2170651}, + doi = {10.1080/21548331.2023.2170651}, + language = {en}, + number = {2}, + urldate = {2024-06-20}, + journal = {Hospital Practice}, + author = {Obubu, Maxwell and Chuku, Nkata and Ananaba, Alozie and Sadiq, Firdausi Umar and Sambo, Emmanuel and Kolade, Oluwatosin and Oyekanmi, Tolulope and Olaosebikan, Kehinde and Serrano, Oluwafemi}, + month = mar, + year = {2023}, + keywords = {Healthcare correlation with pop dens}, + pages = {64--75}, +} + +@article{de_siqueira_filha_economics_2022, + title = {The economics of healthcare access: a scoping review on the economic impact of healthcare access for vulnerable urban populations in low- and middle-income countries}, + volume = {21}, + issn = {1475-9276}, + shorttitle = {The economics of healthcare access}, + url = {https://equityhealthj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12939-022-01804-3}, + doi = {10.1186/s12939-022-01804-3}, + abstract = {Background:  The growing urban population imposes additional challenges for health systems in low- and middleincome countries (LMICs). We explored the economic burden and inequities in healthcare utilisation across slum, non-slum and levels of wealth among urban residents in LMICs. Methods:  This scoping review presents a narrative synthesis and descriptive analysis of studies conducted in urban areas of LMICs. We categorised studies as conducted only in slums, city-wide studies with measures of wealth and conducted in both slums and non-slums settlements. We estimated the mean costs of accessing healthcare, the incidence of catastrophic health expenditures (CHE) and the progressiveness and equity of health expenditures. The definitions of slums used in the studies were mapped against the 2018 UN-Habitat definition. We developed an evi‑dence map to identify research gaps on the economics of healthcare access in LMICs. Results:  We identified 64 studies for inclusion, the majority of which were from South-East Asia (59\%) and classified as city-wide (58\%). We found severe economic burden across health conditions, wealth quintiles and study types. Compared with city-wide studies, slum studies reported higher direct costs of accessing health care for acute condi‑tions and lower costs for chronic and unspecified health conditions. Healthcare expenditures for chronic conditions were highest amongst the richest wealth quintiles for slum studies and more equally distributed across all wealth quintiles for city-wide studies. The incidence of CHE was similar across all wealth quintiles in slum studies and concen‑trated among the poorest residents in city-wide studies. None of the definitions of slums used covered all charac‑teristics proposed by UN-Habitat. The evidence map showed that city-wide studies, studies conducted in India and studies on unspecified health conditions dominated the current evidence on the economics of healthcare access. Most of the evidence was classified as poor quality.}, + language = {en}, + number = {1}, + urldate = {2024-05-26}, + journal = {International Journal for Equity in Health}, + author = {De Siqueira Filha, Noemia Teixeira and Li, Jinshuo and Phillips-Howard, Penelope A. and Quayyum, Zahidul and Kibuchi, Eliud and Mithu, Md Imran Hossain and Vidyasagaran, Aishwarya and Sai, Varun and Manzoor, Farzana and Karuga, Robinson and Awal, Abdul and Chumo, Ivy and Rao, Vinodkumar and Mberu, Blessing and Smith, John and Saidu, Samuel and Tolhurst, Rachel and Mazumdar, Sumit and Rosu, Laura and Garimella, Surekha and Elsey, Helen}, + month = dec, + year = {2022}, + keywords = {Healthcare accessibility in low-middle income countries, Introduction \& Discussion}, + pages = {191}, +} + +@article{mcintyre_access_2009, + title = {Access as a policy-relevant concept in low- and middle-income countries}, + volume = {4}, + copyright = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms}, + issn = {1744-1331, 1744-134X}, + url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1744133109004836/type/journal_article}, + doi = {10.1017/S1744133109004836}, + abstract = {Although access to health care is frequently identified as a goal for health care policy, the precise meaning of access to health care often remains unclear. We present a conceptual framework that defines access to health care as the empowerment of an individual to use health care and as a multidimensional concept based on the interaction (or degree of fit) between health care systems and individuals, households, and communities. Three dimensions of access are identified: availability, affordability, and acceptability, through which access can be evaluated directly instead of focusing on utilisation of care as a proxy for access. We present the case for the comprehensive evaluation of health care systems as well as the dimensions of access, and the factors underlying each dimension. Such systemic analyses can inform policy-makers about the ‘fit’ between needs for health care and receipt of care, and provide the basis for developing policies that promote improvements in the empowerment to use care.}, + language = {en}, + number = {2}, + urldate = {2024-05-16}, + journal = {Health Economics, Policy and Law}, + author = {Mcintyre, Di and Thiede, Michael and Birch, Stephen}, + month = apr, + year = {2009}, + keywords = {Healthcare accessibility in low-middle income countries, Introduction \& Discussion}, + pages = {179--193}, +} + +@article{gbd_2016_healthcare_access_and_quality_collaborators_measuring_2018, + title = {Measuring performance on the {Healthcare} {Access} and {Quality} {Index} for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational locations: a systematic analysis from the {Global} {Burden} of {Disease} {Study} 2016}, + volume = {391}, + issn = {1474-547X}, + shorttitle = {Measuring performance on the {Healthcare} {Access} and {Quality} {Index} for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational locations}, + doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30994-2}, + abstract = {BACKGROUND: A key component of achieving universal health coverage is ensuring that all populations have access to quality health care. Examining where gains have occurred or progress has faltered across and within countries is crucial to guiding decisions and strategies for future improvement. We used the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) to assess personal health-care access and quality with the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index for 195 countries and territories, as well as subnational locations in seven countries, from 1990 to 2016. +METHODS: Drawing from established methods and updated estimates from GBD 2016, we used 32 causes from which death should not occur in the presence of effective care to approximate personal health-care access and quality by location and over time. To better isolate potential effects of personal health-care access and quality from underlying risk factor patterns, we risk-standardised cause-specific deaths due to non-cancers by location-year, replacing the local joint exposure of environmental and behavioural risks with the global level of exposure. Supported by the expansion of cancer registry data in GBD 2016, we used mortality-to-incidence ratios for cancers instead of risk-standardised death rates to provide a stronger signal of the effects of personal health care and access on cancer survival. We transformed each cause to a scale of 0-100, with 0 as the first percentile (worst) observed between 1990 and 2016, and 100 as the 99th percentile (best); we set these thresholds at the country level, and then applied them to subnational locations. We applied a principal components analysis to construct the HAQ Index using all scaled cause values, providing an overall score of 0-100 of personal health-care access and quality by location over time. We then compared HAQ Index levels and trends by quintiles on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary measure of overall development. As derived from the broader GBD study and other data sources, we examined relationships between national HAQ Index scores and potential correlates of performance, such as total health spending per capita. +FINDINGS: In 2016, HAQ Index performance spanned from a high of 97·1 (95\% UI 95·8-98·1) in Iceland, followed by 96·6 (94·9-97·9) in Norway and 96·1 (94·5-97·3) in the Netherlands, to values as low as 18·6 (13·1-24·4) in the Central African Republic, 19·0 (14·3-23·7) in Somalia, and 23·4 (20·2-26·8) in Guinea-Bissau. The pace of progress achieved between 1990 and 2016 varied, with markedly faster improvements occurring between 2000 and 2016 for many countries in sub-Saharan Africa and southeast Asia, whereas several countries in Latin America and elsewhere saw progress stagnate after experiencing considerable advances in the HAQ Index between 1990 and 2000. Striking subnational disparities emerged in personal health-care access and quality, with China and India having particularly large gaps between locations with the highest and lowest scores in 2016. In China, performance ranged from 91·5 (89·1-93·6) in Beijing to 48·0 (43·4-53·2) in Tibet (a 43·5-point difference), while India saw a 30·8-point disparity, from 64·8 (59·6-68·8) in Goa to 34·0 (30·3-38·1) in Assam. Japan recorded the smallest range in subnational HAQ performance in 2016 (a 4·8-point difference), whereas differences between subnational locations with the highest and lowest HAQ Index values were more than two times as high for the USA and three times as high for England. State-level gaps in the HAQ Index in Mexico somewhat narrowed from 1990 to 2016 (from a 20·9-point to 17·0-point difference), whereas in Brazil, disparities slightly increased across states during this time (a 17·2-point to 20·4-point difference). Performance on the HAQ Index showed strong linkages to overall development, with high and high-middle SDI countries generally having higher scores and faster gains for non-communicable diseases. Nonetheless, countries across the development spectrum saw substantial gains in some key health service areas from 2000 to 2016, most notably vaccine-preventable diseases. Overall, national performance on the HAQ Index was positively associated with higher levels of total health spending per capita, as well as health systems inputs, but these relationships were quite heterogeneous, particularly among low-to-middle SDI countries. +INTERPRETATION: GBD 2016 provides a more detailed understanding of past success and current challenges in improving personal health-care access and quality worldwide. Despite substantial gains since 2000, many low-SDI and middle-SDI countries face considerable challenges unless heightened policy action and investments focus on advancing access to and quality of health care across key health services, especially non-communicable diseases. Stagnating or minimal improvements experienced by several low-middle to high-middle SDI countries could reflect the complexities of re-orienting both primary and secondary health-care services beyond the more limited foci of the Millennium Development Goals. Alongside initiatives to strengthen public health programmes, the pursuit of universal health coverage hinges upon improving both access and quality worldwide, and thus requires adopting a more comprehensive view-and subsequent provision-of quality health care for all populations. +FUNDING: Bill \& Melinda Gates Foundation.}, + language = {eng}, + number = {10136}, + journal = {Lancet (London, England)}, + author = {GBD 2016 Healthcare Access {and} Quality Collaborators}, + month = jun, + year = {2018}, + pmid = {29893224}, + pmcid = {PMC5986687}, + keywords = {Country accessibility, Introduction \& Discussion}, + pages = {2236--2271}, +} + +@article{arsentyeva_triple_2020, + title = {The {Triple} {Frontier} of {Brazil}, {Argentina} and {Paraguay}: {Current} {State} and {Prospects} for {Development}}, + issn = {20768400}, + shorttitle = {The {Triple} {Frontier} of {Brazil}, {Argentina} and {Paraguay}}, + url = {https://iberoamericajournal.ru/sites/default/files/2020/3/arsentyeva_1.pdf}, + doi = {10.37656/s20768400-2020-3-06}, + abstract = {This paper deals with the Triple Frontier – a tri-border area along the junction of Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay. International actors, that have geostrategic interests here, describe it as a “grey zone”, an “outlaw territory”, whose inherent attributes are various types of illegal activity. However, such perspective does not give a full picture of processes and phenomena that affect the lives of ordinary people and the security of each of the three Latin American countries. The aim of the present study is to characterize the distinctive features and main problems of the region. The final part of the paper highlights the most promising areas for regional development. It is concluded that the Triple Frontier has the potential for legitimate economic activity, which is an objective basis for consolidating the efforts of the three parties in order to solve common problems and ensure codevelopment.}, + language = {es}, + number = {3}, + urldate = {2024-06-18}, + journal = {IBEROAMERICA}, + author = {Arsentyeva, Irina}, + year = {2020}, + keywords = {Country Argentina, Country Brazil, Country Paraguay, Introduction \& Discussion, Tri-border dynamics}, + pages = {121--144}, +} + +@article{lisboa_path_2021, + title = {Path dependence in the {Tri}-{Border} {Area}}, + volume = {46}, + issn = {0826-3663, 2333-1461}, + url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08263663.2021.1902722}, + doi = {10.1080/08263663.2021.1902722}, + abstract = {Approaching the triple border between Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay from the perspective of path dependence, this article analyzes how a trajectory, started in the 1950s, determined the existence of some elements that define the characteristics of the triple border in the 21st century. As a theoretical basis, historical institutionalism is used as an analysis strategy, the following elements are present in the analytical structure of the path dependence: critical juncture, path-broken, self-reinforcing, lock-in. We conclude that the critical situation occurred when Paraguay strengthened its relationship with Brazil in the 1950s, with actions to reinforce their trajectory in the 1960s and 1970s, with institutional lock-in taking place in the 1980s and 1990s.}, + language = {en}, + number = {2}, + urldate = {2024-06-18}, + journal = {Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies / Revue canadienne des études latino-américaines et caraïbes}, + author = {Lisboa, Marcelino Teixeira and Morínigo Martínez, Fátima Elizabeth}, + month = may, + year = {2021}, + keywords = {Country Argentina, Country Brazil, Country Paraguay, Introduction \& Discussion, Tri-border dynamics}, + pages = {196--221}, +} + +@article{hone_effect_2019, + title = {Effect of economic recession and impact of health and social protection expenditures on adult mortality: a longitudinal analysis of 5565 {Brazilian} municipalities}, + volume = {7}, + issn = {2214-109X}, + shorttitle = {Effect of economic recession and impact of health and social protection expenditures on adult mortality}, + doi = {10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30409-7}, + abstract = {BACKGROUND: Economic recession might worsen health in low-income and middle-income countries with precarious job markets and weak social protection systems. Between 2014-16, a major economic crisis occurred in Brazil. We aimed to assess the association between economic recession and adult mortality in Brazil and to ascertain whether health and social welfare programmes in the country had a protective effect against the negative impact of this recession. +METHODS: In this longitudinal analysis, we obtained data from the Brazilian Ministry of Health, the Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics, the Ministry of Social Development and Fight Against Hunger, and the Information System for the Public Budget in Health to assess changes in state unemployment level and mortality among adults (aged ≥15 years) in Brazil between 2012 and 2017. Outcomes were municipal all-cause and cause-specific mortality rates for all adults and across population subgroups stratified by age, sex, and race. We used fixed-effect panel regression models with quarterly timepoints to assess the association between recession and changes in mortality. Mortality and unemployment rates were detrended using Hodrick-Prescott filters to assess cyclical variation and control for underlying trends. We tested interactions between unemployment and terciles of municipal social protection and health-care expenditure to assess whether the relationship between unemployment and mortality varied. +FINDINGS: Between 2012 and 2017, 7 069 242 deaths were recorded among adults (aged ≥15 years) in 5565 municipalities in Brazil. During this time period, the mean crude municipal adult mortality rate increased by 8·0\% from 143·1 deaths per 100 000 in 2012 to 154·5 deaths per 100 000 in 2017. An increase in unemployment rate of 1 percentage-point was associated with a 0·50 increase per 100 000 population per rter (95\% CI 0·09-0·91) in all-cause mortality, mainly due to cancer and cardiovascular disease. Between 2012 and 2017, higher unemployment accounted for 31 415 excess deaths (95\% CI 29 698-33 132). All-cause mortality increased among black or mixed race (pardo) Brazilians (a 0·46 increase [95\% CI 0·15-0·80]), men (0·67 [0·22-1·13]), and individuals aged 30-59 years (0·43 [0·16-0·69] per 1 percentage-point increase in the unemployment rate. No significant association was identified between unemployment and all-cause mortality for white Brazilian, women, adolescents (aged 15-29 years), or older and retired individuals (aged ≥60 years). In municipalities with high expenditure on health and social protection programmes, no significant increases in recession-related mortality were observed. +INTERPRETATION: The Brazilian recession contributed to increases in mortality. However, health and social protection expenditure seemed to mitigate detrimental health effects, especially among vulnerable populations. This evidence provides support for stronger health and social protection systems globally. +FUNDING: None.}, + language = {eng}, + number = {11}, + journal = {The Lancet. Global Health}, + author = {Hone, Thomas and Mirelman, Andrew J. and Rasella, Davide and Paes-Sousa, Rômulo and Barreto, Mauricio L. and Rocha, Rudi and Millett, Christopher}, + month = nov, + year = {2019}, + pmid = {31607469}, + keywords = {Country Brazil, Country situation, Healthcare challenges, Healthcare inequalities, Healthcare urban rural disparities, Introduction \& Discussion}, + pages = {e1575--e1583}, +} + +@misc{world_health_organization_access_2024, + title = {Access to vaccines for indigenous populations in {Paraguay}: a joint effort}, + shorttitle = {Access to vaccines for indigenous populations in {Paraguay}}, + url = {https://www.who.int/about/accountability/results/who-results-report-2020-mtr/country-story/2022/access-to-vaccines-for-indigenous-populations-in-paraguay--a-joint-effort}, + abstract = {Improved coverage of COVID-19 and routine vaccination}, + language = {en}, + urldate = {2024-06-02}, + author = {{World Health Organization}}, + year = {2024}, + keywords = {Country Paraguay, Country situation, Healthcare Initiatives, Healthcare challenges, Healthcare urban rural disparities, Indigenous Communities, Introduction \& Discussion}, +} + +@article{gilardino_access_2016, + title = {Access {To} {Health} {Care} {In} {Argentina}. {The} {Role} {Of} {Geography} {And} {Other} {Factors} {Affecting} {Health} {Coverage} {Across} {Large} {Urban} {Centers}}, + volume = {19}, + copyright = {https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/}, + issn = {10983015}, + url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1098301516008433}, + doi = {10.1016/j.jval.2016.03.775}, + language = {en}, + number = {3}, + urldate = {2024-06-12}, + journal = {Value in Health}, + author = {Gilardino, Re and Cabra, Ha and Zanela, Oo}, + month = may, + year = {2016}, + keywords = {Country Argentina, Healthcare challenges, Healthcare inequalities, Healthcare urban rural disparities, Introduction \& Discussion}, + pages = {A267}, +} + +@article{mendes_o_2018, + title = {O desafio da atenção primária na saúde indígena no {Brasil}}, + volume = {42}, + issn = {1020-4989, 1680-5348}, + url = {http://iris.paho.org/xmlui/handle/123456789/49563}, + doi = {10.26633/RPSP.2018.184}, + language = {pt}, + urldate = {2024-06-02}, + journal = {Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública}, + author = {Mendes, Anapaula Martins and Leite, Maurício Soares and Langdon, Esther Jean and Grisotti, Márcia}, + year = {2018}, + keywords = {Country Brazil, Healthcare challenges, Healthcare inequalities, Indigenous Communities, Introduction \& Discussion}, +} + +@article{palacios_need_2020, + title = {Need and inequality in the use of health care services in a fragmented and decentralized health system: evidence for {Argentina}}, + volume = {19}, + shorttitle = {Need and inequality in the use of health care services in a fragmented and decentralized health system}, + doi = {10.1186/s12939-020-01168-6}, + abstract = {Background: +The high fragmentation and decentralization in the provision of health care services that characterizes Argentina's health system, as well as the economic and social inequalities, challenge the achievement of the Universal Health Coverage (UHC). The objective of this study is to measure socioeconomic-related inequality and horizontal inequity in the use of health care services in Argentina as well as identify the factors that contribute to these disparities. + +Methods: +The 2013 National Risk Factor Survey, developed by the Ministry of Health of Argentina, was used to measure socioeconomic-related inequality and inequity in the use of health care services through concentration curves, the Erreygers concentration index, and the index of horizontal inequity. Econometric micro-decomposition was applied to estimate the contribution of each determining factor to inequality in the use of health care services. + +Results: +The Erreygers concentration index for the use of health care services was 0.1223, evidencing pro-rich inequalities. By adding variables of health care needs, the horizontal inequity index was 0.1296. Non-need factors such as education and health coverage with social security increase pro-rich inequality. + +Conclusions: +The Argentine health system shows pro-rich inequality in the use of health care services. It is necessary to design strategies to improve articulation between the three coverage subsectors and national, provincial, and municipal governments to keep the commitment of "not leaving anyone behind." The results showed here could provide lessons for countries with similar contexts and challenges in public health.}, + journal = {International Journal for Equity in Health}, + author = {Palacios, Alfredo and Espinola, Natalia and Rojas-Roque, Carlos}, + month = jul, + year = {2020}, + keywords = {Country Argentina, Healthcare Initiatives, Healthcare challenges, Healthcare inequalities, Healthcare urban rural disparities, Introduction \& Discussion}, +} + +@article{silva_emergency_2021, + title = {Emergency {Care} {Gap} in {Brazil}: {Geographical} {Accessibility} as a {Proxy} of {Response} {Capacity} to {Tackle} {COVID}-19}, + volume = {9}, + issn = {2296-2565}, + shorttitle = {Emergency {Care} {Gap} in {Brazil}}, + url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8634954/}, + doi = {10.3389/fpubh.2021.740284}, + abstract = {Background: The new coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has claimed thousands of lives worldwide and disrupted the health system in many countries. As the national emergency care capacity is a crucial part of the COVID-19 response, we evaluated the Brazilian Health Care System response preparedness against the COVID-19 pandemic., Methods: A retrospective and ecological study was performed with data retrieved from the Brazilian Information Technology Department of the Public Health Care System. The numbers of intensive care (ICU) and hospital beds, general or intensivist physicians, nurses, nursing technicians, physiotherapists, and ventilators from each health region were extracted. Beds per health professionals and ventilators per population rates were assessed. A health service accessibility index was created using a two-step floating catchment area (2SFCA). A spatial analysis using Getis-Ord Gi* was performed to identify areas lacking access to high-complexity centers (HCC)., Results: As of February 2020, Brazil had 35,682 ICU beds, 426,388 hospital beds, and 65,411 ventilators. In addition, 17,240 new ICU beds were created in June 2020. The South and Southeast regions have the highest rates of professionals and infrastructure to attend patients with COVID-19 compared with the northern region. The north region has the lowest accessibility to ICUs., Conclusions: The Brazilian Health Care System is unevenly distributed across the country. The inequitable distribution of health facilities, equipment, and human resources led to inadequate preparedness to manage the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, the ineffectiveness of public measures of the municipal and federal administrations aggravated the pandemic in Brazil.}, + urldate = {2024-06-02}, + journal = {Frontiers in Public Health}, + author = {Silva, Lincoln Luís and de Carvalho Dutra, Amanda and de Andrade, Luciano and Iora, Pedro Henrique and Rodrigues Ramajo, Guilherme Luiz and Peres Gualda, Iago Amado and Costa Scheidt, João Felipe Hermann and Vasconcelos Maia do Amaral, Pedro and Hernandes Rocha, Thiago Augusto and Staton, Catherine Ann and Nickenig Vissoci, João Ricardo and Fressatti Cardoso, Rosilene}, + month = nov, + year = {2021}, + pmid = {34869155}, + pmcid = {PMC8634954}, + keywords = {Country Brazil, Healthcare challenges, Healthcare inequalities, Healthcare urban rural disparities, Introduction \& Discussion}, + pages = {740284}, +} + +@article{palmeira_analysis_2022, + title = {Analysis of access to health services in {Brazil} according to sociodemographic profile: {National} {Health} {Survey}, 2019}, + volume = {31}, + issn = {1679-4974}, + shorttitle = {Analysis of access to health services in {Brazil} according to sociodemographic profile}, + url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9887984/}, + doi = {10.1590/S2237-96222022000300013}, + abstract = {Objective: +to describe the access to and utilization of health services among the +Brazilian population according to sociodemographic characteristics, based on +the 2019 National Health Survey (Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde - +PNS). + +Methods: +this was a cross-sectional descriptive study based on a PNS sample; the +prevalence and respective confidence intervals of data stratified by sex, +schooling, age and national macro-region of residence were calculated; data +were analyzed using Stata software version 16.1. + +Results: +a total of 293,725 individuals were interviewed; males showed lower +proportion of medical consultations (66.6\%) and were less likely to seek +care (17.6\%); among those living in the North region, 69.1\% had medical +consultations; 16.5\% of individuals with low level of education obtained +medication through the Brazilian Popular Pharmacy Program. + +Conclusion: +the results reinforce iniquities in access to and utilization of health +services, in addition to the need for monitoring indicators in order to +guide health policies in Brazil.}, + number = {3}, + urldate = {2024-06-02}, + journal = {Epidemiologia e Serviços de Saúde : Revista do Sistema Unico de Saúde do Brasil}, + author = {Palmeira, Nathalia Campos and Moro, Julia Pustrelo and Getulino, Fabiana de Abreu and Vieira, Yohana Pereira and Soares, Abelardo de Oliveira and Saes, Mirelle de Oliveira}, + year = {2022}, + pmid = {36542048}, + pmcid = {PMC9887984}, + keywords = {Country Brazil, Healthcare challenges, Healthcare inequalities, Healthcare urban rural disparities, Introduction \& Discussion}, + pages = {e2022966}, +} + +@incollection{santos_health_2022, + title = {Health of {Indigenous} {Peoples} in {Brazil}: {Inequities} and the {Uneven} {Trajectory} of {Public} {Policies}}, + isbn = {978-0-19-063236-6}, + shorttitle = {Health of {Indigenous} {Peoples} in {Brazil}}, + url = {https://oxfordre.com/publichealth/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190632366.001.0001/acrefore-9780190632366-e-33}, + abstract = {Victims of epidemics, slavery, genocide, and countless other episodes of violence during the colonial enterprise in Brazil, which continues decades into the 21st century in some regions, Indigenous peoples face health inequities resulting from a five-century history of social marginalization and vulnerability. Since the late 1990s, the health and well-being of Indigenous peoples in the country have benefited from progressive legislation that values sociocultural diversity within a public primary healthcare subsystem attending to Indigenous peoples living in federal Indigenous lands. However, these transcultural ideals remain elusive in practice. The Indigenous Healthcare Subsystem continues to suffer from numerous systemic problems, including low quality of local services, lack of health professional training for work in intercultural contexts, and unpreparedness for attending to health emergencies involving Indigenous peoples living in voluntary isolation. Being Indigenous in Brazil in the 2020s implies greater chances of higher infant mortality, lower life expectancy, suffering from undernutrition and anemia during childhood, living with a high burden of infectious and parasitic diseases, being exposed to a swift process of nutritional transition, and experiencing a surge in chronic violence. Community case studies have shown the importance of close patient follow-up over long periods of time, the heavy burden of disease due to nutrition transition since the mid-1980s, the relevance of international reference curves for evaluating Indigenous child undernutrition, and failures of primary healthcare provided to Indigenous populations. Improvements in national health information systems in Brazil beginning in the early 2000s have shown external causes, perinatal diseases, infectious and parasitic diseases, and respiratory diseases to be the leading causes of death among the country’s Indigenous population.}, + language = {en}, + urldate = {2024-06-02}, + booktitle = {Oxford {Research} {Encyclopedia} of {Global} {Public} {Health}}, + publisher = {Oxford University Press}, + author = {Santos, Ricardo Ventura and Welch, James R. and Pontes, Ana Lucia and Garnelo, Luiza and Moreira Cardoso, Andrey and Coimbra Jr., Carlos E. A}, + collaborator = {Santos, Ricardo Ventura and Welch, James R. and Pontes, Ana Lucia and Garnelo, Luiza and Moreira Cardoso, Andrey and Coimbra Jr., Carlos E. A}, + month = aug, + year = {2022}, + doi = {10.1093/acrefore/9780190632366.013.33}, + keywords = {Country Brazil, Healthcare challenges, Healthcare inequalities, Indigenous Communities, Introduction \& Discussion}, +} + +@article{vacarezza_exploring_2023, + title = {Exploring {Social} {Inequality} in {Argentina}: {Challenges}, {Disparities}, and {Pathways} to {Equity}}, + volume = {5}, + abstract = {Social inequality in Argentina presents multifaceted challenges that affect various dimensions of society, including income distribution, education, healthcare, employment, and poverty. This comprehensive study delves into the complex landscape of social inequality, employing both quantitative analysis and qualitative insights to uncover its determinants, consequences, and potential pathways to greater equity. The research reveals persistent income disparities, regional inequalities in education and healthcare access, and the impact of historical legacies on contemporary disparities. Economic fluctuations and policy challenges exacerbate social inequality, while social cohesion emerges as a resilience factor. The study's findings contribute to a nuanced understanding of social inequality in Argentina and inform discussions on policies and initiatives aimed at promoting greater equity and wellbeing.}, + language = {en}, + number = {3}, + journal = {International Journal of Science Review}, + author = {Vacarezza, Giraudo and Cruz, Martinez}, + year = {2023}, + keywords = {Country Argentina, Healthcare challenges, Healthcare inequalities, Healthcare urban rural disparities, Introduction \& Discussion}, +} + +@incollection{oecd_reforming_2019, + title = {Reforming the {Paraguayan} health system}, + isbn = {978-92-64-86835-9 978-92-64-43385-4 978-92-64-83439-2 978-92-64-71673-5}, + url = {https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/development/multi-dimensional-review-of-paraguay_d65f5622-en}, + language = {en}, + urldate = {2024-06-12}, + booktitle = {Multi-dimensional {Review} of {Paraguay}}, + publisher = {OECD}, + author = {{OECD}}, + collaborator = {{OECD}}, + month = oct, + year = {2019}, + doi = {10.1787/d65f5622-en}, + note = {Series Title: OECD Development Pathways}, + keywords = {Country Paraguay, Healthcare Initiatives, Introduction \& Discussion}, +} + +@article{capurro_socioeconomic_2022, + title = {Socioeconomic inequalities in health care utilization in {Paraguay}: {Description} of trends from 1999 to 2018}, + volume = {27}, + issn = {1355-8196}, + shorttitle = {Socioeconomic inequalities in health care utilization in {Paraguay}}, + url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9277338/}, + doi = {10.1177/13558196221079160}, + abstract = {Objective +Paraguay’s health care system is characterized by segmented provision and low +public spending, with limited coverage and asymmetries in terms of access +and quality of care. The present study provides national estimates of +income-related inequality in health care utilization and trends in the +country over the past two decades. + +Methods +Using data from the Paraguayan Permanent Household Survey, we estimated +socioeconomic inequality in health care use during the period 1999–2018. We +used poverty-to-income ratio as the socioeconomic stratifier and defined +health care use as having reported a health problem and subsequent health +care use in the last 90 days before interview. Inequality was summarized by +rank- and level-based versions of the Concentration Index for binary +outcomes. + +Results +Inequalities affecting those with lower incomes were present in all years +assessed, although the magnitude of these inequalities declined over time. +Inequality as expressed by the rank-based index decreased from 0.209 (95\%CI +0.164; 0.253) in 1999 to 0.032 (95\%CI -0.010; 0.075) in 2018. The +level-based index decreased from 0.076 (95\%CI -0.029; 0.182) in 1999 to +0.024 (0.002; 0.045) in 2018. Trends in both indices were generally stable +from 1999 to 2009, with a noticeable decrease in 2010. The sharpest +decreases relative to the 1999 baseline were observed in the period +2010–2018, reflecting changes in health care use and income distribution. +Stratification by area, sex and older people suggest similar trends within +subgroups. + +Conclusions +Decreases in inequality coincide temporally with increments in public health +expenditure, removal of user fees in public health care facilities and the +expansion of conditional cash-transfer programmes. Future research should +disentangle the role of each of these policies in explaining the trends +described.}, + number = {3}, + urldate = {2024-06-12}, + journal = {Journal of Health Services Research \& Policy}, + author = {Capurro, Diego A and Harper, Sam}, + month = jul, + year = {2022}, + pmid = {35732068}, + pmcid = {PMC9277338}, + keywords = {Country Paraguay, Healthcare challenges, Healthcare urban rural disparities, Introduction \& Discussion}, + pages = {180--189}, +} + +@book{oecd_-depth_2018, + address = {Paris}, + series = {Multi-dimensional review of {Paraguay} / {OECD} {Development} {Centre}}, + title = {In-depth analysis and recommendations}, + isbn = {978-92-64-30620-2 978-92-64-30619-6}, + language = {eng}, + number = {Volume 2}, + publisher = {OECD Publishing}, + editor = {{OECD}}, + year = {2018}, + doi = {10.1787/9789264306202-en}, + keywords = {Country Paraguay, Healthcare system, Introduction \& Discussion}, +} + +@misc{amnesty_international_usa_paraguay_2024, + title = {Paraguay: {Well}-{Being} of {Millions} {Depend} on {Urgently} {Needed} {Improvements} to {Public} {Health} {System}}, + shorttitle = {Paraguay}, + url = {https://www.amnestyusa.org/press-releases/paraguay-well-being-of-millions-depend-on-urgently-needed-improvements-to-public-health-system/}, + abstract = {The public health system is failing everyone in the country, but particularly groups that usually face discrimination, like transgender women and Indigenous people, who have to overcome multiple barriers when trying to receive care.}, + language = {en-US}, + urldate = {2024-06-02}, + journal = {Amnesty International USA}, + author = {{Amnesty International USA}}, + year = {2024}, + keywords = {Country Paraguay, Healthcare challenges, Indigenous Communities, Introduction \& Discussion}, +} + +@article{de_m_pontes_health_2020, + title = {Health reform and {Indigenous} health policy in {Brazil}: contexts, actors and discourses}, + volume = {35}, + issn = {1460-2237}, + shorttitle = {Health reform and {Indigenous} health policy in {Brazil}}, + doi = {10.1093/heapol/czaa098}, + abstract = {Given the challenges related to reducing socio-economic and health inequalities, building specific health system approaches for Indigenous peoples is critical. In Brazil, following constitutional reforms that led to the universalization of health care in the late 1980s, a specific health subsystem was created for Indigenous peoples in 1999. In this paper, we use a historical perspective to contextualize the creation of the Indigenous Health Subsystem in Brazil. This study is based on data from interviews with Indigenous and non-Indigenous subjects and document-based analysis. In the 1980s, during the post-dictatorship period in Brazil, the emergence of Indigenous movements in the country and the support for pro-Indigenous organizations helped establish a political agenda that emphasized a broad range of issues, including the right to a specific health policy. Indigenous leaders established alliances with participants of the Brazilian health reform movement, which resulted in broad debates about the specificities of Indigenous peoples, and the need for a specific health subsystem. We highlight three main points in our analysis: (1) the centrality of a holistic health perspective; (2) the emphasis on social participation; (3) the need for the reorganization of health care. These points proved to be convergent with the development of the Brazilian health reform and were expressed in documents of the Indigenist Missionary Council (CIMI) and the Union of Indigenous Nations (UNI). They were also consolidated in the final report of the First National Conference on the Protection of Indigenous Health in 1986, becoming the cornerstone of the national Indigenous health policy declared in 1999. Our analysis reveals that Indigenous people and pro-Indigenous groups were key players in the development of the Indigenous Health Subsystem in Brazil.}, + language = {eng}, + number = {Supplement\_1}, + journal = {Health Policy and Planning}, + author = {de M Pontes, Ana Lucia and Santos, Ricardo Ventura}, + month = nov, + year = {2020}, + pmid = {33165584}, + pmcid = {PMC7649663}, + keywords = {Country Brazil, Healthcare Initiatives, Indigenous Communities, Introduction \& Discussion}, + pages = {i107--i114}, +} + +@book{berger_indigenous_2024, + title = {The {Indigenous} {World} 2024}, + language = {en}, + publisher = {International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs}, + author = {Berger, David Nathaniel and Bulanin, Nikita and García-Alix, Lola and Jensen, Marianne Wiben and Leth, Signe and Alvarado, Ena and Mamo, Dwayne and Parellada, Alejandro and Rose, Geneviève and Rosling, Frida Ravn and Thorsell, Stefan and Wessendorf, Kathrin and Berger, David Nathaniel and Mamo, Dwayne}, + year = {2024}, + keywords = {Country Argentina, Country Brazil, Country Paraguay, Indigenous Communities, Introduction \& Discussion, Methodology}, +} + +@article{oliveira_challenges_2017, + title = {Challenges for ensuring availability and accessibility toin health care services under {Brazil}'s {Unified} {Health} {System} ({SUS})}, + volume = {22}, + issn = {1678-4561}, + doi = {10.1590/1413-81232017224.31382016}, + abstract = {Shortages and imbalances in the distribution of the health workforce, are social and political problems that, along with the socio-economic inequality, reduce the access of the population to the health services. This study aims to understand the challenges of SUS policy-makers and managers to ensure the availability and geographical accessibility to health service providers. The analysis was guided by a framework of the health labour market and health policy interventions. Two main problems have been identified: shortage of doctors and maldistribution of professionals between levels of health care and between geographical areas. This review focused on eight interventions in the last 30 years, whose mainly aim was to correct the maldistribution of physicians in the SUS such as Rondon Project, Interiorization of Health Work Program, Medical Specialists Training Program, PHC Program and More Doctors Program. The discussion focuses on the factors that influence the outcome of these interventions.}, + language = {por, eng}, + number = {4}, + journal = {Ciencia \& Saude Coletiva}, + author = {Oliveira, Ana Paula Cavalcante de and Gabriel, Mariana and Poz, Mario Roberto Dal and Dussault, Gilles}, + month = apr, + year = {2017}, + pmid = {28444043}, + keywords = {Country Brazil, Healthcare Initiatives, Healthcare system, Introduction \& Discussion}, + pages = {1165--1180}, +} + +@misc{world_bank_life_2022, + title = {Life expectancy at birth, total (years)}, + url = {https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=AR-BR-PY}, + abstract = {Free and open access to global development data}, + language = {en}, + urldate = {2024-06-02}, + author = {{World Bank}}, + year = {2022}, + keywords = {Country Argentina, Country Brazil, Country Paraguay, Country life expectancy, Introduction \& Discussion}, +} + +@misc{agencia_de_noticias_-_ibge_between_2023, + title = {Between 2010 and 2022, {Brazilian} population grows 6.5\%, reaches 203.1 million {\textbar} {News} {Agency}}, + url = {https://agenciadenoticias.ibge.gov.br/en/agencia-news/2184-news-agency/news/37245-between-2010-and-2022-brazilian-population-grows-6-5-reaches-203-1-million}, + abstract = {Brazil had 203,062,512 inhabitants on August 1, 2022. Since the previous Population Census in 2010, the Brazilian population...}, + language = {en-GB}, + urldate = {2024-06-12}, + author = {{Agência de Notícias - IBGE}}, + month = jun, + year = {2023}, + note = {Section: IBGE}, + keywords = {Country Brazil, Country urbanisation, Introduction \& Discussion}, +} + +@techreport{united_nations_world_2022, + address = {New York}, + title = {World {Population} {Prospects} 2022}, + institution = {United Nations}, + author = {{United Nations}}, + year = {2022}, + keywords = {Country Argentina, Country Brazil, Country Paraguay, Country population, Country population density, Introduction \& Discussion}, +} + +@article{quintana_access_2021, + title = {Access to healthcare system of indigenous communities with musculoskeletal disorders and rheumatic disease in {Chaco}, {Argentina}: a qualitative study}, + volume = {40}, + issn = {1434-9949}, + shorttitle = {Access to healthcare system of indigenous communities with musculoskeletal disorders and rheumatic disease in {Chaco}, {Argentina}}, + url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-020-05513-6}, + doi = {10.1007/s10067-020-05513-6}, + abstract = {The objective of this study is to describe the local healthcare system from the perspective of the health professionals, community health workers, and local representatives of the qom community living in the province of Chaco, Argentina.}, + language = {en}, + number = {6}, + urldate = {2024-06-12}, + journal = {Clinical Rheumatology}, + author = {Quintana, Rosana and Fernandez, Sofia and Fay, Martina and Camacho, Cecilia and Gomez, Graciela and Petrelli, Jazmin and Honeri, Andrés and Solórzano, Viviana Arenas and Bensi, Ana and Di Prinzio, Gustavo and Silvestre, Adriana and Calvo, Maria Elena and Pelaez-Ballestas, Ingris and Valdata, Marcela and Pons-Estel, Bernardo A.}, + month = jun, + year = {2021}, + keywords = {Country Argentina, Healthcare Initiatives, Healthcare challenges, Indigenous Communities, Introduction \& Discussion}, + pages = {2407--2417}, +} + +@misc{world_bank_world_2022, + title = {The world by income}, + url = {https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups}, + abstract = {Free and open access to global development data}, + language = {en}, + urldate = {2024-06-02}, + author = {{World Bank}}, + year = {2022}, + keywords = {Country Argentina, Country Brazil, Country Paraguay, Country classification, Introduction \& Discussion}, +} + +@article{bello_health_2011, + title = {[{The} health system of {Argentina}]}, + volume = {53 Suppl 2}, + issn = {1606-7916}, + abstract = {This paper describes the health system of Argentina.This system has three sectors: public, social security and private.The public sector includes the national and provincial ministries as well as the network of public hospitals and primary health care units which provide care to the poor and uninsured population. This sector is financed with taxes and payments made by social security beneficiaries that use public health care facilities. The social security sector or Obras Sociales (OS) covers all workers of the formal economy and their families. Most OS operate through contracts with private providers and are financed with payroll contributions of employers and employees. Finally, the private sector includes all those private providers offering services to individuals, OS beneficiaries and all those with private health insurance.This sector also includes private insurance agencies called Prepaid Medicine Enterprises, financed mostly through premiums paid by families and/or employers.This paper also discusses some of the recent innovations implemented in Argentina, including the program Remediar.}, + language = {spa}, + journal = {Salud Publica De Mexico}, + author = {Belló, Mariana and Becerril-Montekio, Victor M.}, + year = {2011}, + pmid = {21877098}, + keywords = {Country Argentina, Healthcare system, Introduction \& Discussion}, + pages = {s96--s108}, +} + +@misc{world_bank_world_2024, + type = {Text/{HTML}}, + title = {The {World} {Bank} in {Argentina}}, + url = {https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/argentina/overview}, + abstract = {Argentina is one of the largest economies in South America. In recent years, the government has focused in promoting economic development along with social inclusion with the support of the World Bank.}, + language = {en}, + urldate = {2024-06-02}, + journal = {The World Bank}, + author = {{World Bank}}, + month = feb, + year = {2024}, + keywords = {Country Argentina, Country situation, Introduction \& Discussion}, +} + +@article{hedin_connecting_2022, + title = {Connecting {Biodiversity} {With} {Mental} {Health} and {Wellbeing} — {A} {Review} of {Methods} and {Disciplinary} {Perspectives}}, + volume = {10}, + issn = {2296-701X}, + url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fevo.2022.865727}, + doi = {10.3389/fevo.2022.865727}, + abstract = {Biodiversity conservation and mental health and wellbeing are of increasing global concern, with growing relevance to planning and policy. A growing body of literature exploring the relationships between biodiversity and mental health and wellbeing - based on early research conducted largely from social science perspectives - suggests that particular qualities within natural environments confer particular benefits. Results so far have been inconclusive and inconsistent, contributing to an incohesive body of evidence. While past reviews have focussed on reporting variations in results, the present study builds on early reviews by exploring variations from the perspective of author disciplines and the use of different guiding theories, and variables used to measure biodiversity, mental health and wellbeing. This aims to address a research gap in understanding whether research in this topic has become more interdisciplinary or has employed more consistent study designs, which were highlighted as priorities in past reviews, but the progress of which has not yet been explored in depth. We found that research connecting biodiversity and mental health and wellbeing has become only marginally more interdisciplinary in recent years, and there is still a large inconsistency in the use of guiding theories, variables and overall study designs. The variation in disciplinary perspectives and methods reflects a growing interest in this field and the variety of ways researchers are trying to understand and test the complex relationships between biodiversity and mental health and wellbeing. Our study shows that there are unique perspectives that different disciplines can contribute to this body of research and continuing to increase collaboration between disciplines with the use of consistent mixed methods approaches in future may contribute to a more cohesive body of evidence. We provide a framework to conceptualise recommendations for future research, highlighting the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration at multiple scales, and importantly focusing on more specific, mechanistic studies to inform decision-making that provides co-benefits for biodiversity and mental health and wellbeing.}, + language = {English}, + urldate = {2024-06-09}, + journal = {Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution}, + author = {Hedin, Madeleine and Hahs, Amy K. and Mata, Luis and Lee, Kate}, + month = may, + year = {2022}, + note = {Publisher: Frontiers}, + keywords = {Healthcare effect of effect deforestation, Introduction \& Discussion}, +} + +@article{palmer_no_2022, + title = {No {Escape} from the {Heat}: {The} {Cost} of {Deforestation} on {Human} and {Animal} {Health}}, + volume = {72}, + issn = {0006-3568}, + shorttitle = {No {Escape} from the {Heat}}, + url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biac084}, + doi = {10.1093/biosci/biac084}, + number = {11}, + urldate = {2024-06-09}, + journal = {BioScience}, + author = {Palmer, Jane}, + month = nov, + year = {2022}, + keywords = {Healthcare effect of effect deforestation, Introduction \& Discussion}, + pages = {1037--1043}, +} + +@phdthesis{gennerich_land-use_2024, + address = {Berlin}, + title = {Land-use {Changes} and {Dynamics} of {Forest} {Fragmentation} from 1985 to 2021 in the {Upper}-{Paraná} {Atlantic} {Forest} of {South} {America}}, + school = {Freie Universität Berlin}, + author = {Gennerich, Marie-Joe}, + month = jan, + year = {2024}, + keywords = {Atlantic Forest, Introduction \& Discussion}, +} + +@article{de_lima_erosion_2020, + title = {The erosion of biodiversity and biomass in the {Atlantic} {Forest} biodiversity hotspot}, + volume = {11}, + issn = {2041-1723}, + url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7733445/}, + doi = {10.1038/s41467-020-20217-w}, + abstract = {Tropical forests are being deforested worldwide, and the remaining fragments are suffering from biomass and biodiversity erosion. Quantifying this erosion is challenging because ground data on tropical biodiversity and biomass are often sparse. Here, we use an unprecedented dataset of 1819 field surveys covering the entire Atlantic Forest biodiversity hotspot. We show that 83−85\% of the surveys presented losses in forest biomass and tree species richness, functional traits, and conservation value. On average, forest fragments have 25−32\% less biomass, 23−31\% fewer species, and 33, 36, and 42\% fewer individuals of late-successional, large-seeded, and endemic species, respectively. Biodiversity and biomass erosion are lower inside strictly protected conservation units, particularly in large ones. We estimate that biomass erosion across the Atlantic Forest remnants is equivalent to the loss of 55−70 thousand km2 of forests or US\$2.3−2.6 billion in carbon credits. These figures have direct implications on mechanisms of climate change mitigation., Quantifying forest degradation and biodiversity losses is necessary to inform conservation and restoration policies. Here the authors analyze a large dataset for the Atlantic Forest in South America to quantify losses in forest biomass and tree species richness, functional traits, and conservation value.}, + urldate = {2024-06-09}, + journal = {Nature Communications}, + author = {de Lima, Renato A. F. and Oliveira, Alexandre A. and Pitta, Gregory R. and de Gasper, André L. and Vibrans, Alexander C. and Chave, Jérôme and ter Steege, Hans and Prado, Paulo I.}, + month = dec, + year = {2020}, + pmid = {33311511}, + pmcid = {PMC7733445}, + keywords = {Atlantic Forest, Introduction \& Discussion}, + pages = {6347}, +} + +@misc{schipper_alto_2018, + title = {Alto {Paraná} {Atlantic} {Forests}}, + url = {https://www.oneearth.org/ecoregions/alto-parana-atlantic-forests/}, + abstract = {The Alto Paraná Atlantic Forests represent a large block of Atlantic semi-deciduous forest spread from Southeast Brazil and Paraguay to northern Argentina.}, + language = {en}, + urldate = {2024-06-09}, + journal = {One Earth}, + author = {Schipper, Jan}, + year = {2018}, + keywords = {Atlantic Forest, Introduction \& Discussion}, +} + +@article{martens_ilegalismos_2019, + title = {Ilegalismos en contextos fronterizos entre {Paraguay} y {Argentina}. {El} caso de los combustibleros del Ñeembucú}, + volume = {24}, + copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0}, + issn = {2617-4731, 0379-9123}, + url = {http://sociedadcientifica.org.py/ojs/index.php/rscpy/article/view/84}, + doi = {10.32480/rscp.2019-24-2.349-367}, + abstract = {Diversos tipos de actividades ilícitas contribuyen a la generación de renta y movilizan la economía, en la frontera paraguayo-argentina, algunas de las cuales son ejercidas públicamente y toleradas social e institucionalmente, a pesar de estar punidas conforme al derecho penal. Este artículo se focaliza en uno de estos emprendimientos, conocido como ordeñe de combustible, con el objetivo de describir su dinámica, y los mecanismos de interacción entre los combustibleros, las autoridades y la población, a través de técnicas etnográficas, principalmente la observación participante, entrevistas, conversaciones informales, y la identificación y observación de objetos (barcazas, canoas, mangueras, taques, bidones, lugares de alijo, y puestos de venta). La comercialización del combustible sustraído se realiza de manera pública en varios barrios de la ciudad y transportado diaria o semanalmente a otras regiones del país. La represión del fenómeno es excepcional, debido al pago mensual de los empresarios del rubro a algunas autoridades, así como por la justificación de la práctica en el convencimiento de que genera mano de obra, posibilitando el sostenimiento de las familias. Varios de los involucrados en la cadena comercial, aunque reconocen algún grado de ilegalidad de su práctica, no se perciben como delincuentes justificándola en la necesidad de empleo y la inexistencia de fuentes lícitas de trabajo.}, + language = {es}, + number = {2}, + urldate = {2024-06-18}, + journal = {Revista de la Sociedad Científica del Paraguay}, + author = {Martens, Juan and Veloso, Ricardo D.}, + month = dec, + year = {2019}, + keywords = {Country Argentina, Country Paraguay, Introduction \& Discussion, Tri-border dynamics}, + pages = {349--367}, +} + +@article{marques_circularidad_2013, + title = {La circularidad de los "brasiguayos" en las fronteras de {Paraguay} y {Brasil}}, + volume = {31}, + issn = {0185-4186}, + url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/23622274}, + abstract = {La propuesta de este trabajo es presentar las diferentes motivaciones de los "brasiguayos" para circular en las fronteras entre Paraguay y Brasil, pero específicamente de aquellos que residen en municipios paraguayos fronterizos con Brasil. Se realizaron 39 entrevistas a profundidad con "brasiguayos" residentes en Ypehjú, Salto del Guairá y Pedro Juan Caballero. Se constató que la circularidad de los "brasiguayos" en las fronteras nacionales de Paraguay y Brasil es motivada por la demanda de servicios públicos en las áreas de salud y educación, de beneficios asistenciales, por compras, visitas, religión y trabajo. Esas demandas revelan las diferentes estrategias de adaptación y supervivencia de los "brasiguayos" residentes en dicha región y la importancia de sus lazos formales e informales para intercambiar recursos, información y solidaridad que les permitan acceder a bienes y servicios brasileños. The purpose of this work, which is part of a doctoral thesis, is to present the different motivations of "brasiguaios" to move between the border towns of Paraguay and Brazil, more specifically those residing in Paraguayan towns which share a border with Brazil. Thirty-nine in-depth interviews were performed with the "brasiguaios" residents in the towns of Ypehjú, Salto del Guaira and Pedro Juan Caballero. It was found that the circulation of "brasiguaios" between the national border of Paraguay and Brazil is motivated by the demand for public services in the areas of health and education, welfare benefits, for shopping, visiting people, religion and work. These demands reveal the different adaptation and survival strategies of "brasiguaios", the residents living in Paraguayan towns on the border of Brazil, and the importance of their formal and informal ties to share resources, information and solidarity to enable them to access Brazilian goods and services. Moreover, the attention of the policymakers need to be drawn to these regions of Brazil's national borders, since this intense circulation can interfere with the balance of supply and demand for public services in Brazil.}, + number = {93}, + urldate = {2024-06-19}, + journal = {Estudios Sociológicos}, + author = {Marques, Denise Helena Franca and Rodrigues, Roberto Nascimento and de Almeida Rezende, Dimitri Fazito and Soares, Weber and Vélez, José María}, + year = {2013}, + note = {Publisher: El Colegio De Mexico}, + keywords = {Country Brazil, Country Paraguay, Indigenous Communities, Introduction \& Discussion, Tri-border dynamics}, + pages = {865--898}, +} + +@article{wang_assessing_2005, + title = {Assessing spatial and nonspatial factors for healthcare access: towards an integrated approach to defining health professional shortage areas}, + volume = {11}, + issn = {13538292}, + shorttitle = {Assessing spatial and nonspatial factors for healthcare access}, + doi = {10.1016/j.healthplace.2004.02.003}, + language = {en}, + number = {2}, + urldate = {2023-10-18}, + journal = {Health \& Place}, + author = {Wang, Fahui and Luo, Wei}, + month = jun, + year = {2005}, + keywords = {Healthcare barriers, Healthcare framework, Introduction \& Discussion}, + pages = {131--146}, +} + +@article{carrillo_defining_2011, + title = {Defining and {Targeting} {Health} {Care} {Access} {Barriers}}, + volume = {22}, + issn = {1548-6869}, + url = {https://muse.jhu.edu/article/430672}, + doi = {10.1353/hpu.2011.0037}, + abstract = {The impact of social and economic determinants of health status and the existence of racial and ethnic health care access disparities have been well-documented. This paper describes a model, the Health Care Access Barriers Model (HCAB), which provides a taxonomy and practical framework for the classification, analysis and reporting of those modifiable health care access barriers that are associated with health care disparities. The model describes three categories of modifiable health care access barriers: financial, structural, and cognitive. The three types of barriers are reciprocally reinforcing and affect health care access individually or in concert. These barriers are associated with screening, late presentation to care, and lack of treatment, which in turn result in poor health outcomes and health disparities. By targeting those barriers that are measurable and modifiable the model facilitates root-cause analysis and intervention design.}, + language = {en}, + number = {2}, + urldate = {2024-05-26}, + journal = {Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved}, + author = {Carrillo, J. Emilio and Carrillo, Victor A. and Perez, Hector R. and Salas-Lopez, Debbie and Natale-Pereira, Ana and Byron, Alex T.}, + month = may, + year = {2011}, + keywords = {Healthcare barriers, Healthcare framework, Introduction \& Discussion}, + pages = {562--575}, +} + +@article{gulliford_what_2002, + title = {What does 'access to health care' mean?}, + volume = {7}, + issn = {1355-8196, 1758-1060}, + url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1258/135581902760082517}, + doi = {10.1258/135581902760082517}, + abstract = {Facilitating access is concerned with helping people to command appropriate health care resources in order to preserve or improve their health. Access is a complex concept and at least four aspects require evaluation. If services are available and there is an adequate supply of services, then the opportunity to obtain health care exists, and a population may 'have access' to services. The extent to which a population 'gains access' also depends on financial, organisational and social or cultural barriers that limit the utilisation of services. Thus access measured in terms of utilisation is dependent on the affordability, physical accessibility and acceptability of services and not merely adequacy of supply. Services available must be relevant and effective if the population is to 'gain access to satisfactory health outcomes'. The availability of services, and barriers to access, have to be considered in the context of the differing perspectives, health needs and material and cultural settings of diverse groups in society. Equity of access may be measured in terms of the availability, utilisation or outcomes of services. Both horizontal and vertical dimensions of equity require consideration.}, + language = {en}, + number = {3}, + urldate = {2023-10-18}, + journal = {Journal of Health Services Research \& Policy}, + author = {Gulliford, Martin and Figueroa-Munoz, Jose and Morgan, Myfanwy and Hughes, David and Gibson, Barry and Beech, Roger and Hudson, Meryl}, + month = jul, + year = {2002}, + keywords = {Healthcare framework, Introduction \& Discussion}, + pages = {186--188}, +} + +@article{aday_framework_1974, + title = {A {Framework} for the {Study} of {Access} to {Medical} {Care}}, + language = {en}, + journal = {Health Services Research}, + author = {Aday, Lu Ann and Andersen, Ronald}, + year = {1974}, + keywords = {Healthcare framework, Introduction \& Discussion}, +} + +@article{world_health_organization_tracking_2023, + title = {Tracking universal health coverage 2023 global monitoring report}, + language = {en}, + journal = {global monitoring report}, + author = {{World Health Organization} and {World Bank}}, + year = {2023}, + keywords = {Healthcare Initiatives, Introduction \& Discussion, Sustainable development goals, Sustainable development indicator}, +} + +@article{syed_traveling_2013, + title = {Traveling {Towards} {Disease}: {Transportation} {Barriers} to {Health} {Care} {Access}}, + volume = {38}, + issn = {0094-5145, 1573-3610}, + shorttitle = {Traveling {Towards} {Disease}}, + url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10900-013-9681-1}, + doi = {10.1007/s10900-013-9681-1}, + language = {en}, + number = {5}, + urldate = {2023-10-18}, + journal = {Journal of Community Health}, + author = {Syed, Samina T. and Gerber, Ben S. and Sharp, Lisa K.}, + month = oct, + year = {2013}, + keywords = {Healthcare consequences, Introduction \& Discussion}, + pages = {976--993}, +} + +@misc{the_global_fund_global_2024, + title = {The {Global} {Fund} to {Fight} {AIDS}, {Tuberculosis} and {Malaria}}, + url = {https://www.theglobalfund.org/en}, + abstract = {The Global Fund invests US\$4 billion a year to defeat HIV, TB and malaria and ensure a healthier, safer, equitable future for all. We unite the world to find solutions that have the most impact, and we take them to scale worldwide. It’s working. We won’t stop until the job is finished.}, + language = {en}, + urldate = {2024-05-26}, + author = {{The Global Fund}}, + year = {2024}, + keywords = {Healthcare Initiatives, Introduction \& Discussion}, +} + +@article{sanadgol_engagement_2021, + title = {Engagement of non-governmental organisations in moving towards universal health coverage: a scoping review}, + volume = {17}, + issn = {1744-8603}, + shorttitle = {Engagement of non-governmental organisations in moving towards universal health coverage}, + url = {https://globalizationandhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12992-021-00778-1}, + doi = {10.1186/s12992-021-00778-1}, + abstract = {Background: Developing essential health services through non-governmental organisations (NGOs) is an important strategy for progressing towards Universal Health Coverage (UHC), especially in low- and middle-income countries. It is crucial to understand NGOs’ role in reaching UHC and the best way to engage them. +Objective: This study reviewed the role of NGOs and their engagement strategies in progress toward UHC. +Method: We systematically reviewed studies from five databases (PubMed, Web of Science (ISI), ProQuest, EMBASE and Scopus) that investigated NGOs interventions in public health-related activities. The quality of the selected studies was assessed using the mixed methods appraisal tool. PRISMA reporting guidelines were followed. Findings: Seventy-eight studies met the eligibility criteria. NGOs main activities related to service and population coverage and used different strategies to progress towards UHC. To ensure services coverage, NGOs provided adequate and competent human resources, necessary health equipment and facilities, and provided public health and health care services strategies. To achieve population coverage, they provided services to vulnerable groups through community participation. Most studies were conducted in middle-income countries. Overall, the quality of the reported evidence was good. The main funding sources of NGOs were self-financing and grants from the government, international organisations, and donors. +Conclusion: NGOs can play a significant role in the country’s progress towards UHC along with the government and other key health players. The government should use strategies and interventions in supporting NGOs, accelerating their movement toward UHC.}, + language = {en}, + number = {1}, + urldate = {2024-05-26}, + journal = {Globalization and Health}, + author = {Sanadgol, Arman and Doshmangir, Leila and Majdzadeh, Reza and Gordeev, Vladimir Sergeevich}, + month = dec, + year = {2021}, + keywords = {Actors, Healthcare Initiatives, Introduction \& Discussion, Sustainable development goals}, + pages = {129}, +} + +@misc{uhc-partnership_universal_2021, + title = {Universal {Health} {Coverage} {Partnership}}, + url = {https://extranet.who.int/uhcpartnership/}, + urldate = {2024-05-26}, + author = {{UHC-Partnership}}, + year = {2021}, + keywords = {Healthcare Initiatives, Introduction \& Discussion}, +} + +@article{souza_reconstructing_2020, + title = {Reconstructing {Three} {Decades} of {Land} {Use} and {Land} {Cover} {Changes} in {Brazilian} {Biomes} with {Landsat} {Archive} and {Earth} {Engine}}, + volume = {12}, + copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/}, + issn = {2072-4292}, + url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/17/2735}, + doi = {10.3390/rs12172735}, + abstract = {Brazil has a monitoring system to track annual forest conversion in the Amazon and most recently to monitor the Cerrado biome. However, there is still a gap of annual land use and land cover (LULC) information in all Brazilian biomes in the country. Existing countrywide efforts to map land use and land cover lack regularly updates and high spatial resolution time-series data to better understand historical land use and land cover dynamics, and the subsequent impacts in the country biomes. In this study, we described a novel approach and the results achieved by a multi-disciplinary network called MapBiomas to reconstruct annual land use and land cover information between 1985 and 2017 for Brazil, based on random forest applied to Landsat archive using Google Earth Engine. We mapped five major classes: forest, non-forest natural formation, farming, non-vegetated areas, and water. These classes were broken into two sub-classification levels leading to the most comprehensive and detailed mapping for the country at a 30 m pixel resolution. The average overall accuracy of the land use and land cover time-series, based on a stratified random sample of 75,000 pixel locations, was 89\% ranging from 73 to 95\% in the biomes. The 33 years of LULC change data series revealed that Brazil lost 71 Mha of natural vegetation, mostly to cattle ranching and agriculture activities. Pasture expanded by 46\% from 1985 to 2017, and agriculture by 172\%, mostly replacing old pasture fields. We also identified that 86 Mha of the converted native vegetation was undergoing some level of regrowth. Several applications of the MapBiomas dataset are underway, suggesting that reconstructing historical land use and land cover change maps is useful for advancing the science and to guide social, economic and environmental policy decision-making processes in Brazil.}, + language = {en}, + number = {17}, + urldate = {2024-06-14}, + journal = {Remote Sensing}, + author = {Souza, Carlos M. and Z. Shimbo, Julia and Rosa, Marcos R. and Parente, Leandro L. and A. Alencar, Ane and Rudorff, Bernardo F. T. and Hasenack, Heinrich and Matsumoto, Marcelo and G. Ferreira, Laerte and Souza-Filho, Pedro W. M. and de Oliveira, Sergio W. and Rocha, Washington F. and Fonseca, Antônio V. and Marques, Camila B. and Diniz, Cesar G. and Costa, Diego and Monteiro, Dyeden and Rosa, Eduardo R. and Vélez-Martin, Eduardo and Weber, Eliseu J. and Lenti, Felipe E. B. and Paternost, Fernando F. and Pareyn, Frans G. C. and Siqueira, João V. and Viera, José L. and Neto, Luiz C. Ferreira and Saraiva, Marciano M. and Sales, Marcio H. and Salgado, Moises P. G. and Vasconcelos, Rodrigo and Galano, Soltan and Mesquita, Vinicius V. and Azevedo, Tasso}, + month = jan, + year = {2020}, + note = {Number: 17 +Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute}, + keywords = {Country Brazil, Methodology}, + pages = {2735}, +} + +@article{davy_access_2016, + title = {Access to primary health care services for {Indigenous} peoples: {A} framework synthesis}, + volume = {15}, + issn = {1475-9276}, + shorttitle = {Access to primary health care services for {Indigenous} peoples}, + url = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-016-0450-5}, + doi = {10.1186/s12939-016-0450-5}, + abstract = {Indigenous peoples often find it difficult to access appropriate mainstream primary health care services. Securing access to primary health care services requires more than just services that are situated within easy reach. Ensuring the accessibility of health care for Indigenous peoples who are often faced with a vast array of additional barriers including experiences of discrimination and racism, can be complex. This framework synthesis aimed to identify issues that hindered Indigenous peoples from accessing primary health care and then explore how, if at all, these were addressed by Indigenous health care services.}, + number = {1}, + urldate = {2024-05-15}, + journal = {International Journal for Equity in Health}, + author = {Davy, Carol and Harfield, Stephen and McArthur, Alexa and Munn, Zachary and Brown, Alex}, + month = sep, + year = {2016}, + keywords = {Healthcare benefits, Indigenous Communities, Introduction \& Discussion}, + pages = {163}, +} + +@article{zhao_economic_2016, + title = {The economic benefits of eliminating {Indigenous} health inequality in the {Northern} {Territory}}, + volume = {205}, + copyright = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions\#vor}, + issn = {0025-729X, 1326-5377}, + url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.5694/mja16.00215}, + doi = {10.5694/mja16.00215}, + abstract = {Objectives: To estimate the potential economic benefits of closing the Indigenous health gap by quantifying the economic burden associated with Indigenous health inequality in the Northern Territory. Design, setting and participants: A cost-of-illness study was conducted from a societal perspective for NT residents for the period 2009e2013. The total cost of the Indigenous health gap was estimated by calculating the cost differences between Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations in health services, lost productivity and lost life-years on the basis of data from the 2011 census, as well as on burden of disease, health expenditure, welfare, taxation and other published financial data. Main outcome measures: The total and per capita costs in three categories were analysed: direct health costs, the indirect costs of lost productivity, and intangible costs associated with premature deaths. +Results: The excess cost of the Indigenous health gap was estimated to be \$16.7 billion for the 5-year study period, equivalent to 19\% of the NT gross state product. The excess costs associated with the Indigenous health gap included 22\% caused by higher health expenditure for servicing the gap, 35\% attributable to lost productivity caused by illness, and 43\% associated with lost life-years. +Conclusions: Our findings highlight the long term potential benefits of the Australian governments’ Closing the Gap initiative for the NT. Successful implementation of this initiative will require improving government services by combating discrimination, developing local economies, overcoming poverty, and reducing the disadvantages associated with remoteness.}, + language = {en}, + number = {6}, + urldate = {2024-05-26}, + journal = {Medical Journal of Australia}, + author = {Zhao, Yuejen and Vemuri, Siva R and Arya, Dinesh}, + month = sep, + year = {2016}, + keywords = {Healthcare benefits, Indigenous Communities, Introduction \& Discussion}, + pages = {266--269}, +} + +@article{perry_physical_2000, + title = {Physical access to primary health care in {Andean} {Bolivia}}, + volume = {50}, + issn = {02779536}, + url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277953699003640}, + doi = {10.1016/S0277-9536(99)00364-0}, + language = {en}, + number = {9}, + urldate = {2023-10-18}, + journal = {Social Science \& Medicine}, + author = {Perry, Baker and Gesler, Wil}, + month = may, + year = {2000}, + keywords = {Introduction \& Discussion}, + pages = {1177--1188}, +} + +@article{noor_defining_2003, + title = {Defining equity in physical access to clinical services using geographical information systems as part of malaria planning and monitoring in {Kenya}}, + volume = {8}, + issn = {1360-2276, 1365-3156}, + url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-3156.2003.01112.x}, + doi = {10.1046/j.1365-3156.2003.01112.x}, + abstract = {Summary + Distance is a crucial feature of health service use and yet its application and utility to health care planning have not been well explored, particularly in the light of large‐scale international and national efforts such as Roll Back Malaria. We have developed a high‐resolution map of population‐to‐service access in four districts of Kenya. Theoretical physical access, based upon national targets, developed as part of the Kenyan health sector reform agenda, was compared with actual health service usage data among 1668 paediatric patients attending 81 sampled government health facilities. Actual and theoretical use were highly correlated. Patients in the larger districts of Kwale and Makueni, where access to government health facilities was relatively poor, travelled greater mean distances than those in Greater Kisii and Bondo. More than 60\% of the patients in the four districts attended health facilities within a 5‐km range. Interpolated physical access surfaces across districts highlighted areas of poor access and large differences between urban and rural settings. Users from rural communities travelled greater distances to health facilities than those in urban communities. The implications of planning and monitoring equitable delivery of clinical services at national and international levels are discussed.}, + language = {en}, + number = {10}, + urldate = {2023-10-18}, + journal = {Tropical Medicine \& International Health}, + author = {Noor, A. M. and Zurovac, D. and Hay, S. I. and Ochola, S. A. and Snow, R. W.}, + month = oct, + year = {2003}, + pages = {917--926}, +} + +@article{mclafferty_gis_2003, + title = {{GIS} and {Health} {Care}}, + volume = {24}, + issn = {0163-7525, 1545-2093}, + url = {https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.24.012902.141012}, + doi = {10.1146/annurev.publhealth.24.012902.141012}, + abstract = {▪ Abstract  GIS and related spatial analysis methods provide a set of tools for describing and understanding the changing spatial organization of health care, for examining its relationship to health outcomes and access, and for exploring how the delivery of health care can be improved. This review discusses recent literature on GIS and health care. It considers the use of GIS in analyzing health care need, access, and utilization; in planning and evaluating service locations; and in spatial decision support for health care delivery. The adoption of GIS by health care researchers and policy-makers will depend on access to integrated spatial data on health services utilization and outcomes and data that cut across human service systems. We also need to understand better the spatial behaviors of health care providers and consumers in the rapidly changing health care landscape and how geographic information affects these dynamic relationships.}, + language = {en}, + number = {1}, + urldate = {2024-05-16}, + journal = {Annual Review of Public Health}, + author = {McLafferty, Sara L.}, + month = jan, + year = {2003}, + pages = {25--42}, +} + +@article{jordan_distance_2004, + title = {Distance, rurality and the need for care: access to health services in {South} {West} {England}}, + volume = {3}, + issn = {1476072X}, + url = {http://ij-healthgeographics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1476-072X-3-21}, + doi = {10.1186/1476-072X-3-21}, + abstract = {Background: This paper explores the geographical accessibility of health services in urban and rural areas of the South West of England, comparing two measures of geographical access and characterising the areas most remote from hospitals. Straight-line distance and drive-time to the nearest general practice (GP) and acute hospital (DGH) were calculated for postcodes and aggregated to 1991 Census wards. The correlation between the two measures was used to identify wards where straight-line distance was not an accurate predictor of drive-time. Wards over 25 km from a DGH were classified as 'remote', and characterised in terms of rurality, deprivation, age structure and health status of the population. +Results: The access measures were highly correlated (r2{\textgreater}0.93). The greatest differences were found in coastal and rural wards of the far South West. Median straight-line distance to GPs was 1 km (IQR = 0.6–2 km) and to DGHs, 12 km (IQR = 5–19 km). Deprivation and rates of premature limiting long term illness were raised in areas most distant from hospitals, but there was no evidence of higher premature mortality rates. Half of the wards remote from a DGH were not classed as rural by the Office for National Statistics. Almost a quarter of households in the wards furthest from hospitals had no car, and the proportion of households with access to two or more cars fell in the most remote areas. +Conclusion: Drive-time is a more accurate measure of access for peripheral and rural areas. Geographical access to health services, especially GPs, is good, but remoteness affects both rural and urban areas: studies concentrating purely on rural areas may underestimate geographical barriers to accessing health care. A sizeable minority of households still had no car in 1991, and few had more than one car, particularly in areas very close to and very distant from hospitals. Better measures of geographical access, which integrate public and private transport availability with distance and travel time, are required if an accurate reflection of the experience those without their own transport is to be obtained.}, + language = {en}, + number = {1}, + urldate = {2024-03-03}, + journal = {International Journal of Health Geographics}, + author = {Jordan, Hannah and Roderick, Paul and Martin, David and Barnett, Sarah}, + year = {2004}, + keywords = {Introduction \& Discussion}, + pages = {21}, +} + +@article{brabyn_modeling_2002, + title = {Modeling population access to {New} {Zealand} public hospitals}, + abstract = {This paper demonstrates a method for estimating the geographical accessibility of public hospitals. Cost path analysis was used to determine the minimum travel time and distance to the closest hospital via a road network. This analysis was applied to 38,000 census enumeration district centroids in New Zealand allowing geographical access to be linked to local populations. Average time and distance statistics have been calculated for local populations by modeling the total travel of a population if everybody visited a hospital once. These types of statistics can be generated for different population groups and enable comparisons to be made between regions. This study has shown that the northern and southern parts of New Zealand have high average travel times to hospital services.}, + language = {en}, + journal = {International Journal of Health Geographics}, + author = {Brabyn, Lars and Skelly, Chris}, + year = {2002}, + keywords = {Methodology}, +} + +@article{frew_investigating_2017, + title = {Investigating geospatial data usability from a health geography perspective using sensitivity analysis: {The} example of potential accessibility to primary healthcare}, + volume = {6}, + issn = {2214-1405}, + shorttitle = {Investigating geospatial data usability from a health geography perspective using sensitivity analysis}, + url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214140516302341}, + doi = {10.1016/j.jth.2017.03.013}, + abstract = {Network distance and travel times are two popular methods of measuring potential geographic accessibility and networks are also used in gravity model-based approaches such as floating catchment area (FCA) techniques. Although some research has been conducted to assess the effectiveness of the representation of demand- (population) or supply- (destinations) side characteristics within such models, there have been few attempts to assess the implications of using alternative sources of network data. This study employs a sensitivity analysis approach to assess accessibility to GP surgeries in south Wales using proprietary and open sources of network data. Results suggest that there are significant differences between access scores derived from the use of networks which purport to portray the same features. Furthermore, the pattern of differences varies between urban and rural areas. Case studies are used to show that the actual representation of network-based features, often overlooked in previous research, can have important implications for the findings from such studies. We conclude by suggesting that the use of sensitivity analysis to assess geospatial data usability has a wider relevance for studies that involve the use of a range of GIS-based techniques in different application areas.}, + urldate = {2023-10-24}, + journal = {Journal of Transport \& Health}, + author = {Frew, Robin and Higgs, Gary and Harding, Jenny and Langford, Mitchel}, + month = sep, + year = {2017}, + keywords = {Methodology}, + pages = {128--142}, +} + +@article{wang_measurement_2012, + title = {Measurement, {Optimization}, and {Impact} of {Health} {Care} {Accessibility}: {A} {Methodological} {Review}}, + volume = {102}, + issn = {0004-5608, 1467-8306}, + shorttitle = {Measurement, {Optimization}, and {Impact} of {Health} {Care} {Accessibility}}, + url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00045608.2012.657146}, + doi = {10.1080/00045608.2012.657146}, + language = {en}, + number = {5}, + urldate = {2024-03-03}, + journal = {Annals of the Association of American Geographers}, + author = {Wang, Fahui}, + month = sep, + year = {2012}, + keywords = {Introduction \& Discussion}, + pages = {1104--1112}, +} + +@article{delamater_measuring_2012, + title = {Measuring geographic access to health care: raster and network-based methods}, + volume = {11}, + issn = {1476-072X}, + shorttitle = {Measuring geographic access to health care}, + url = {http://ij-healthgeographics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1476-072X-11-15}, + doi = {10.1186/1476-072X-11-15}, + abstract = {Background: Inequalities in geographic access to health care result from the configuration of facilities, population distribution, and the transportation infrastructure. In recent accessibility studies, the traditional distance measure (Euclidean) has been replaced with more plausible measures such as travel distance or time. Both network and raster-based methods are often utilized for estimating travel time in a Geographic Information System. Therefore, exploring the differences in the underlying data models and associated methods and their impact on geographic accessibility estimates is warranted. +Methods: We examine the assumptions present in population-based travel time models. Conceptual and practical differences between raster and network data models are reviewed, along with methodological implications for service area estimates. Our case study investigates Limited Access Areas defined by Michigan’s Certificate of Need (CON) Program. Geographic accessibility is calculated by identifying the number of people residing more than 30 minutes from an acute care hospital. Both network and raster-based methods are implemented and their results are compared. We also examine sensitivity to changes in travel speed settings and population assignment. +Results: In both methods, the areas identified as having limited accessibility were similar in their location, configuration, and shape. However, the number of people identified as having limited accessibility varied substantially between methods. Over all permutations, the raster-based method identified more area and people with limited accessibility. The raster-based method was more sensitive to travel speed settings, while the network-based method was more sensitive to the specific population assignment method employed in Michigan. +Conclusions: Differences between the underlying data models help to explain the variation in results between raster and network-based methods. Considering that the choice of data model/method may substantially alter the outcomes of a geographic accessibility analysis, we advise researchers to use caution in model selection. For policy, we recommend that Michigan adopt the network-based method or reevaluate the travel speed assignment rule in the raster-based method. Additionally, we recommend that the state revisit the population assignment method.}, + language = {en}, + number = {1}, + urldate = {2024-05-09}, + journal = {International Journal of Health Geographics}, + author = {Delamater, Paul L and Messina, Joseph P and Shortridge, Ashton M and Grady, Sue C}, + year = {2012}, + keywords = {Methodology}, + pages = {15}, +} + +@article{haynes_validation_2006, + title = {Validation of travel times to hospital estimated by {GIS}}, + volume = {5}, + issn = {1476072X}, + url = {http://ij-healthgeographics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1476-072X-5-40}, + doi = {10.1186/1476-072X-5-40}, + abstract = {Background: An increasing number of studies use GIS estimates of car travel times to health services, without presenting any evidence that the estimates are representative of real travel times. This investigation compared GIS estimates of travel times with the actual times reported by a sample of 475 cancer patients who had travelled by car to attend clinics at eight hospitals in the North of England. +Methods: Car travel times were estimated by GIS using the shortest road route between home address and hospital and average speed assumptions. These estimates were compared with reported journey times and straight line distances using graphical, correlation and regression techniques. +Results: There was a moderately strong association between reported times and estimated travel times (r = 0.856). Reported travel times were similarly related to straight line distances. Altogether, 50\% of travel time estimates were within five minutes of the time reported by respondents, 77\% were within ten minutes and 90\% were within fifteen minutes. The distribution of over- and underestimates was symmetrical, but estimated times tended to be longer than reported times with increasing distance from hospital. Almost all respondents rounded their travel time to the nearest five or ten minutes. The reason for many cases of reported journey times exceeding the estimated times was confirmed by respondents' comments as traffic congestion. +Conclusion: GIS estimates of car travel times were moderately close approximations to reported times. GIS travel time estimates may be superior to reported travel times for modelling purposes because reported times contain errors and can reflect unusual circumstances. Comparison with reported times did not suggest that estimated times were a more sensitive measure than straight line distance.}, + language = {en}, + number = {1}, + urldate = {2024-05-09}, + journal = {International Journal of Health Geographics}, + author = {Haynes, Robin and Jones, Andrew P and Sauerzapf, Violet and Zhao, Hongxin}, + year = {2006}, + keywords = {Methodology}, + pages = {40}, +} + +@article{fortney_phd_comparing_2000, + title = {Comparing {Alternative} {Methods} of {Measuring} {Geographic} {Access} to {Health} {Services}}, + volume = {1}, + issn = {13873741}, + url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1023/A:1012545106828}, + doi = {10.1023/A:1012545106828}, + number = {2}, + urldate = {2024-03-03}, + journal = {Health Services and Outcomes Research Methodology}, + author = {Fortney, Ph.D, John and Rost, Ph.D, Kathryn and Warren, Mpa, James}, + year = {2000}, + keywords = {Methodology}, + pages = {173--184}, +} + +@article{curtis_is_1998, + title = {Is {There} a {Place} for {Geography} in the {Analysis} of {Health} {Inequality}?}, + volume = {20}, + issn = {0141-9889, 1467-9566}, + url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9566.00123}, + doi = {10.1111/1467-9566.00123}, + abstract = {This paper considers how ideas and evidence concerning geographical health variation are used in discourses relating to health inequalities. We consider the different concepts of space and place which are employed in these debates. Much of the discussion in the literature focuses on the relative importance of compositional and contextual effects in determining health variation between different geographical areas. We discuss some of the theory which might illuminate the possible impact of place on health inequalities. In the light of this theoretical debate, and focusing mainly on research from Britain, we review the empirical evidence concerning place as a contributor to health inequalities. It is concluded that while individual characteristics are very important for the health inequalities which are observed between people, their geographical setting also has some significance. This has implications for policies aiming to reduce health inequalities.}, + language = {en}, + number = {5}, + urldate = {2024-06-15}, + journal = {Sociology of Health \& Illness}, + author = {Curtis, Sarah and Rees Jones, Ian}, + month = sep, + year = {1998}, + keywords = {Introduction \& Discussion}, + pages = {645--672}, +} + +@article{goodchild_citizens_2007, + title = {Citizens as sensors: the world of volunteered geography}, + volume = {69}, + issn = {0343-2521, 1572-9893}, + shorttitle = {Citizens as sensors}, + url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10708-007-9111-y}, + doi = {10.1007/s10708-007-9111-y}, + language = {en}, + number = {4}, + urldate = {2023-10-18}, + journal = {GeoJournal}, + author = {Goodchild, Michael F.}, + month = nov, + year = {2007}, + keywords = {Methodology}, + pages = {211--221}, +} + +@article{tanser_modelling_2006, + title = {Modelling and understanding primary health care accessibility and utilization in rural {South} {Africa}: {An} exploration using a geographical information system}, + volume = {63}, + issn = {02779536}, + shorttitle = {Modelling and understanding primary health care accessibility and utilization in rural {South} {Africa}}, + doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.01.015}, + language = {en}, + number = {3}, + urldate = {2023-10-18}, + journal = {Social Science \& Medicine}, + author = {Tanser, Frank and Gijsbertsen, Brice and Herbst, Kobus}, + month = aug, + year = {2006}, + keywords = {Methodology}, + pages = {691--705}, +} + +@article{herfort_evolution_2021, + title = {The evolution of humanitarian mapping within the {OpenStreetMap} community}, + volume = {11}, + copyright = {2021 The Author(s)}, + issn = {2045-2322}, + url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-82404-z}, + doi = {10.1038/s41598-021-82404-z}, + abstract = {In the past 10 years, the collaborative maps of OpenStreetMap (OSM) have been used to support humanitarian efforts around the world as well as to fill important data gaps for implementing major development frameworks such as the Sustainable Development Goals. This paper provides a comprehensive assessment of the evolution of humanitarian mapping within the OSM community, seeking to understand the spatial and temporal footprint of these large-scale mapping efforts. The spatio-temporal statistical analysis of OSM’s full history since 2008 showed that humanitarian mapping efforts added 60.5 million buildings and 4.5 million roads to the map. Overall, mapping in OSM was strongly biased towards regions with very high Human Development Index. However, humanitarian mapping efforts had a different footprint, predominantly focused on regions with medium and low human development. Despite these efforts, regions with low and medium human development only accounted for 28\% of the buildings and 16\% of the roads mapped in OSM although they were home to 46\% of the global population. Our results highlight the formidable impact of humanitarian mapping efforts such as post-disaster mapping campaigns to improve the spatial coverage of existing open geographic data and maps, but they also reveal the need to address the remaining stark data inequalities, which vary significantly across countries. We conclude with three recommendations directed at the humanitarian mapping community: (1) Improve methods to monitor mapping activity and identify where mapping is needed. (2) Rethink the design of projects which include humanitarian data generation to avoid non-sustainable outcomes. (3) Remove structural barriers to empower local communities and develop capacity.}, + language = {en}, + number = {1}, + urldate = {2024-03-24}, + journal = {Scientific Reports}, + author = {Herfort, Benjamin and Lautenbach, Sven and Porto de Albuquerque, João and Anderson, Jennings and Zipf, Alexander}, + month = feb, + year = {2021}, + keywords = {Methodology}, + pages = {3037}, +} + +@article{barron_comprehensive_2014, + title = {A {Comprehensive} {Framework} for {Intrinsic} {OpenStreetMap} {Quality} {Analysis}}, + volume = {18}, + issn = {1361-1682, 1467-9671}, + url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/tgis.12073}, + doi = {10.1111/tgis.12073}, + abstract = {Abstract + + OpenStreetMap ( + OSM + ) is one of the most popular examples of a Volunteered Geographic Information ( + VGI + ) project. In the past years it has become a serious alternative source for geodata. Since the quality of + OSM + data can vary strongly, different aspects have been investigated in several scientific studies. In most cases the data is compared with commercial or administrative datasets which, however, are not always accessible due to the lack of availability, contradictory licensing restrictions or high procurement costs. In this investigation a framework containing more than 25 methods and indicators is presented, allowing + OSM + quality assessments based solely on the data's history. Without the usage of a reference data set, approximate statements on + OSM + data quality are possible. For this purpose existing methods are taken up, developed further, and integrated into an extensible open source framework. This enables arbitrarily repeatable intrinsic + OSM + quality analyses for any part of the world.}, + language = {en}, + number = {6}, + urldate = {2024-03-03}, + journal = {Transactions in GIS}, + author = {Barron, Christopher and Neis, Pascal and Zipf, Alexander}, + month = dec, + year = {2014}, + keywords = {Methodology}, + pages = {877--895}, +} + +@article{litva_coming_1995, + title = {Coming out: exposing social theory in medical geography}, + volume = {1}, + copyright = {https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/}, + issn = {13538292}, + shorttitle = {Coming out}, + url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/1353829295000024}, + doi = {10.1016/1353-8292(95)00002-4}, + language = {en}, + number = {1}, + urldate = {2024-05-09}, + journal = {Health \& Place}, + author = {Litva, Andréa and Eyles, John}, + month = mar, + year = {1995}, + keywords = {Introduction \& Discussion}, + pages = {5--14}, +} + +@article{noland_transport_2007, + title = {Transport {Planning} and {Environmental} {Assessment}: {Implications} of {Induced} {Travel} {Effects}}, + volume = {1}, + issn = {1556-8318, 1556-8334}, + shorttitle = {Transport {Planning} and {Environmental} {Assessment}}, + url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15568310601095131}, + doi = {10.1080/15568310601095131}, + language = {en}, + number = {1}, + urldate = {2024-05-08}, + journal = {International Journal of Sustainable Transportation}, + author = {Noland, Robert B.}, + month = feb, + year = {2007}, + keywords = {Introduction \& Discussion}, + pages = {1--28}, +} + +@article{velaga_transport_2012, + title = {Transport poverty meets the digital divide: accessibility and connectivity in rural communities}, + volume = {21}, + copyright = {https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/}, + issn = {09666923}, + shorttitle = {Transport poverty meets the digital divide}, + url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0966692312000026}, + doi = {10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2011.12.005}, + language = {en}, + urldate = {2024-05-08}, + journal = {Journal of Transport Geography}, + author = {Velaga, Nagendra R. and Beecroft, Mark and Nelson, John D. and Corsar, David and Edwards, Peter}, + month = mar, + year = {2012}, + keywords = {Introduction \& Discussion}, + pages = {102--112}, +} + +@article{manongi_inpatient_2014, + title = {Inpatient child mortality by travel time to hospital in a rural area of {\textless}span style="font-variant:small-caps;"{\textgreater}{T}{\textless}/span{\textgreater} anzania}, + volume = {19}, + issn = {1360-2276, 1365-3156}, + shorttitle = {Inpatient child mortality by travel time to hospital in a rural area of {\textless}span style="font-variant}, + doi = {10.1111/tmi.12294}, + abstract = {Abstract + + Objective + To investigate the association, if any, between child mortality and distance to the nearest hospital. + + + Methods + The study was based on data from a 1‐year study of the cause of illness in febrile paediatric admissions to a district hospital in north‐east Tanzania. All villages in the catchment population were geolocated, and travel times were estimated from availability of local transport. Using bands of travel time to hospital, we compared admission rates, inpatient case fatality rates and child mortality rates in the catchment population using inpatient deaths as the numerator. + + + Results + Three thousand hundred and eleven children under the age of 5 years were included of whom 4.6\% died; 2307 were admitted from {\textless}3 h away of whom 3.4\% died and 804 were admitted from ≥3 h away of whom 8.0\% died. The admission rate declined from 125/1000 catchment population at {\textless}3 h away to 25/1000 at ≥3 h away, and the corresponding hospital deaths/catchment population were 4.3/1000 and 2.0/1000, respectively. Children admitted from more than 3 h away were more likely to be male, had a longer pre‐admission duration of illness and a shorter time between admission and death. Assuming uniform mortality in the catchment population, the predicted number of deaths not benefiting from hospital admission prior to death increased by 21.4\% per hour of travel time to hospital. If the same admission and death rates that were found at {\textless}3 h from the hospital applied to the whole catchment population and if hospital care conferred a 30\% survival benefit compared to home care, then 10.3\% of childhood deaths due to febrile illness in the catchment population would have been averted. + + + Conclusions + The mortality impact of poor access to hospital care in areas of high paediatric mortality is likely to be substantial although uncertainty over the mortality benefit of inpatient care is the largest constraint in making an accurate estimate. + + , + + Objectif + Investiguer l'association le cas échéant, entre la mortalité infantile et la distance à l'hôpital le plus proche. + + + Méthodes + L’étude a été basée sur les données d'une étude de 1 an sur la cause de la maladie dans les admisions d'enfants fébriles à l'hôpital de district dans le nord‐est de la Tanzanie. Tous les villages de la population d’étude ont été géo‐localisés et les durées de transport ont été estimées à partir de la disponibilité de transport local. En utilisant des intervalles de durées de voyage à l'hôpital, nous avons comparé les taux d'admission, de létalité des patients hospitalisés et de mortalité infantile dans la population d’étude avec comme numérateur les décès de patients hospitalisés. + + + Résultats + 3111 enfants de moins de 5 ans ont été inclus dont 4,6\% sont décédés; 2307 ont été admis en moins de 3 h de trajet dont 3,4\% sont décédés et 804 ont été admis à ≥3 h de trajet dont 8,0\% sont décédés. Le taux d'admission diminuait en passant de 125/1000 dans la populatiopn d’étude pour des trajets {\textless}3 h à 25/1000 pour des trajets ≥3 h et les taux de décès à l'hôpital correspondant de la population d’étude étaient respectivement de 4,3/1000 et 2,0/1000. Les enfants admis pour un trajet ≥3 h étaient plus susceptibles d’être de sexe masculin, d'avoir une plus longue durée de la maladie avant l'admission et un temps plus court entre l'admission et le décès. En supposant une mortalité uniforme dans la population d’étude, le nombre attendu de décès ne bénéficiant pas d'admisison d'hôpital avant le décès augmentait de 21,4\% par heure de durée de trajet à l'hôpital. Si les mêmes taux d'admissions et de mortalité trouvés pour les trajets à l'hôpital {\textless}3 h étaient appliqués à l'ensemble de la population d’étude et si les soins hospitaliers conféraient un bénéfice de survie de 30\% par rapport aux soins à domicile, alors 10,3\% des décès d'enfants pour cause de maladie fébrile dans la population d’étude auraient été évités. + + + Conclusion + L'impact sur la mortalité de l'accès limité aux soins hospitaliers dans les zones avec une mortalité pédiatrique élevée est probablement importante même si l'incertitude sur le bénefice de la prestation des soins hospitaliers sur la mortalité est le plus grand obstacle à estimer de façon précise. + + , + + Objetivo + Investigar la asociación, si existe, entre la mortalidad infantil y la distancia hasta el hospital más cercano. + + + Métodos + El estudio se basó en datos de un estudio de 1 año sobre la causa de enfermedad en pacientes pediátricos febriles admitidos en un hospital distrital del nordeste de Tanzania. Todos los poblados dentro del área de estudio estaban geolocalizados, y los tiempos de viaje se calcularon según la disponibilidad del transporte local. Utilizando bandas del tiempo requerido para el traslado hasta el hospital, comparamos las tasas de admisión, tasas de mortalidad de pacientes hospitalizados y tasas de mortalidad infantil entre la población del área de estudio utilizando las muertes de pacientes ingresados como el numerador. + + + Resultados + Se incluyeron 3,111 niños menores de 5 años de los cuales un 4.6\% murió; 2307 fueron admitidos desde {\textless}3 horas de distancia, de los cuales un 3.4\% murió y 804 fueron admitidos desde ≥3 horas de distancia y de estos murió un 8.0\%. La tasa de admisión cayó de 125/1,000 entre la población de estudio a {\textless}3 h de distancia, a 25/1,000 a ≥3 horas de distancia, y las muertes hospitalarias /población de estudio correspondientes eran 4.3/1,000 y 2.0/1,000 respectivamente. Los niños admitidos, que vivían a más de 3h, tenían una mayor probabilidad de ser hombres, tenían una enfermedad con una mayor duración antes de ser admitidos y un menor periodo de duración entre la admisión y la muerte. Asumiendo una mortalidad uniforme en la población de estudio, el número vaticinado de muertes que no se benefician de la admisión hospitalaria antes de la muerte aumentó en 21.4\% por hora de viaje hasta el hospital. Si las mismas tasas de admisión y muerte que se encontraron a {\textless}3 h del hospital aplicasen a toda la población de estudio, y si los cuidados hospitalarios conferían un 30\% de beneficio de supervivencia en comparación con los cuidados recubidos en el hogar, entonces se podrían haber evitado un 10.3\% de las muertes infantiles debido a enfermedades febriles entre la población de estudio. + + + Conclusiones + El impacto sobre la mortalidad de un mal acceso a los cuidados hospitalarios en áreas con una alta mortalidad pediátrica podría ser sustancial, aunque la incerteza del beneficio de los cuidados hospitalarios sobre la mortalidad es la principal limitación para hacer una estimación precisa.}, + language = {en}, + number = {5}, + urldate = {2023-10-18}, + journal = {Tropical Medicine \& International Health}, + author = {Manongi, Rachel and Mtei, Frank and Mtove, George and Nadjm, Behzad and Muro, Florida and Alegana, Victor and Noor, Abdisalan M. and Todd, Jim and Reyburn, Hugh}, + month = may, + year = {2014}, + keywords = {Introduction \& Discussion}, + pages = {555--562}, +} + +@article{neutens_accessibility_2015, + title = {Accessibility, equity and health care: review and research directions for transport geographers}, + volume = {43}, + issn = {09666923}, + shorttitle = {Accessibility, equity and health care}, + url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0966692315000034}, + doi = {10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2014.12.006}, + abstract = {Research at the confluence of accessibility, equity and health is flourishing. And yet, there is only slow and modest progress in terms of improving the spatial and temporal accuracy of measuring accessibility and equity of accessibility to health care services. This paper critically reviews the latest methodological and empirical research developments and trends in this area through a transport geography lens. More specifically, this paper discusses recent accomplishments in terms of modeling accessibility and provides a systematic and comprehensive literature review of their application in empirical studies of health care delivery. Based on this literature review a research agenda is put forward, identifying knowledge gaps that transport researchers can help to fill. These knowledge gaps pertain to the need for more spatially disaggregated, individualized and temporally-aware accessibility metrics, more sophisticated geocomputational tools to operationalize such metrics and improved measurement of equity considerations in empirical research.}, + language = {en}, + urldate = {2023-10-23}, + journal = {Journal of Transport Geography}, + author = {Neutens, Tijs}, + month = feb, + year = {2015}, + keywords = {Introduction \& Discussion, Methodology}, + pages = {14--27}, +} + +@article{kelly_are_2016, + title = {Are differences in travel time or distance to healthcare for adults in global north countries associated with an impact on health outcomes? {A} systematic review}, + volume = {6}, + copyright = {Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/. This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt and build upon this work, for commercial use, provided the original work is properly cited. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/}, + issn = {2044-6055, 2044-6055}, + shorttitle = {Are differences in travel time or distance to healthcare for adults in global north countries associated with an impact on health outcomes?}, + url = {https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/6/11/e013059}, + doi = {10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013059}, + abstract = {Objectives To investigate whether there is an association between differences in travel time/travel distance to healthcare services and patients' health outcomes and assimilate the methodologies used to measure this. +Design Systematic Review. We searched MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, Transport database, HMIC and EBM Reviews for studies up to 7 September 2016. Studies were excluded that included children (including maternity), emergency medical travel or countries classed as being in the global south. +Settings A wide range of settings within primary and secondary care (these were not restricted in the search). +Results 108 studies met the inclusion criteria. The results were mixed. 77\% of the included studies identified evidence of a distance decay association, whereby patients living further away from healthcare facilities they needed to attend had worse health outcomes (eg, survival rates, length of stay in hospital and non-attendance at follow-up) than those who lived closer. 6 of the studies identified the reverse (a distance bias effect) whereby patients living at a greater distance had better health outcomes. The remaining 19 studies found no relationship. There was a large variation in the data available to the studies on the patients' geographical locations and the healthcare facilities attended, and the methods used to calculate travel times and distances were not consistent across studies. +Conclusions The review observed that a relationship between travelling further and having worse health outcomes cannot be ruled out and should be considered within the healthcare services location debate.}, + language = {en}, + number = {11}, + urldate = {2024-05-15}, + journal = {BMJ Open}, + author = {Kelly, Charlotte and Hulme, Claire and Farragher, Tracey and Clarke, Graham}, + month = nov, + year = {2016}, + pmid = {27884848}, + note = {Publisher: British Medical Journal Publishing Group +Section: Health services research}, + keywords = {Introduction \& Discussion}, + pages = {e013059}, +} + +@article{weitz_towards_2018, + title = {Towards systemic and contextual priority setting for implementing the 2030 {Agenda}}, + volume = {13}, + issn = {1862-4065, 1862-4057}, + url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11625-017-0470-0}, + doi = {10.1007/s11625-017-0470-0}, + language = {en}, + number = {2}, + urldate = {2024-05-08}, + journal = {Sustainability Science}, + author = {Weitz, Nina and Carlsen, Henrik and Nilsson, Måns and Skånberg, Kristian}, + month = mar, + year = {2018}, + keywords = {Introduction \& Discussion}, + pages = {531--548}, +} + +@article{moallemi_achieving_2020, + title = {Achieving the {Sustainable} {Development} {Goals} {Requires} {Transdisciplinary} {Innovation} at the {Local} {Scale}}, + volume = {3}, + issn = {25903322}, + url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2590332220304152}, + doi = {10.1016/j.oneear.2020.08.006}, + language = {en}, + number = {3}, + urldate = {2024-05-08}, + journal = {One Earth}, + author = {Moallemi, Enayat A. and Malekpour, Shirin and Hadjikakou, Michalis and Raven, Rob and Szetey, Katrina and Ningrum, Dianty and Dhiaulhaq, Ahmad and Bryan, Brett A.}, + month = sep, + year = {2020}, + keywords = {Introduction \& Discussion}, + pages = {300--313}, +} + +@article{virtanen_scipy_2020, + title = {{SciPy} 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in {Python}}, + volume = {17}, + issn = {1548-7091, 1548-7105}, + shorttitle = {{SciPy} 1.0}, + url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41592-019-0686-2}, + doi = {10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2}, + abstract = {Abstract SciPy is an open-source scientific computing library for the Python programming language. Since its initial release in 2001, SciPy has become a de facto standard for leveraging scientific algorithms in Python, with over 600 unique code contributors, thousands of dependent packages, over 100,000 dependent repositories and millions of downloads per year. In this work, we provide an overview of the capabilities and development practices of SciPy 1.0 and highlight some recent technical developments.}, + number = {3}, + urldate = {2023-06-04}, + journal = {Nature Methods}, + author = {Virtanen, Pauli and Gommers, Ralf and Oliphant, Travis E. and Haberland, Matt and Reddy, Tyler and Cournapeau, David and Burovski, Evgeni and Peterson, Pearu and Weckesser, Warren and Bright, Jonathan and Van Der Walt, Stéfan J. and Brett, Matthew and Wilson, Joshua and Millman, K. Jarrod and Mayorov, Nikolay and Nelson, Andrew R. J. and Jones, Eric and Kern, Robert and Larson, Eric and Carey, C J and Polat, İlhan and Feng, Yu and Moore, Eric W. and VanderPlas, Jake and Laxalde, Denis and Perktold, Josef and Cimrman, Robert and Henriksen, Ian and Quintero, E. A. and Harris, Charles R. and Archibald, Anne M. and Ribeiro, Antônio H. and Pedregosa, Fabian and Van Mulbregt, Paul and {SciPy 1.0 Contributors} and Vijaykumar, Aditya and Bardelli, Alessandro Pietro and Rothberg, Alex and Hilboll, Andreas and Kloeckner, Andreas and Scopatz, Anthony and Lee, Antony and Rokem, Ariel and Woods, C. Nathan and Fulton, Chad and Masson, Charles and Häggström, Christian and Fitzgerald, Clark and Nicholson, David A. and Hagen, David R. and Pasechnik, Dmitrii V. and Olivetti, Emanuele and Martin, Eric and Wieser, Eric and Silva, Fabrice and Lenders, Felix and Wilhelm, Florian and Young, G. and Price, Gavin A. and Ingold, Gert-Ludwig and Allen, Gregory E. and Lee, Gregory R. and Audren, Hervé and Probst, Irvin and Dietrich, Jörg P. and Silterra, Jacob and Webber, James T and Slavič, Janko and Nothman, Joel and Buchner, Johannes and Kulick, Johannes and Schönberger, Johannes L. and De Miranda Cardoso, José Vinícius and Reimer, Joscha and Harrington, Joseph and Rodríguez, Juan Luis Cano and Nunez-Iglesias, Juan and Kuczynski, Justin and Tritz, Kevin and Thoma, Martin and Newville, Matthew and Kümmerer, Matthias and Bolingbroke, Maximilian and Tartre, Michael and Pak, Mikhail and Smith, Nathaniel J. and Nowaczyk, Nikolai and Shebanov, Nikolay and Pavlyk, Oleksandr and Brodtkorb, Per A. and Lee, Perry and McGibbon, Robert T. and Feldbauer, Roman and Lewis, Sam and Tygier, Sam and Sievert, Scott and Vigna, Sebastiano and Peterson, Stefan and More, Surhud and Pudlik, Tadeusz and Oshima, Takuya and Pingel, Thomas J. and Robitaille, Thomas P. and Spura, Thomas and Jones, Thouis R. and Cera, Tim and Leslie, Tim and Zito, Tiziano and Krauss, Tom and Upadhyay, Utkarsh and Halchenko, Yaroslav O. and Vázquez-Baeza, Yoshiki}, + month = mar, + year = {2020}, + keywords = {Methodology}, + pages = {261--272}, +} + +@article{wong_too_2020, + title = {Too poor or too far? {Partitioning} the variability of hospital-based childbirth by poverty and travel time in {Kenya}, {Malawi}, {Nigeria} and {Tanzania}}, + volume = {19}, + issn = {1475-9276}, + shorttitle = {Too poor or too far?}, + url = {https://equityhealthj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12939-020-1123-y}, + doi = {10.1186/s12939-020-1123-y}, + abstract = {Abstract + + Background + In sub-Saharan Africa, women are most likely to receive skilled and adequate childbirth care in hospital settings, yet the use of hospital for childbirth is low and inequitable. The poorest and those living furthest away from a hospital are most affected. But the relative contribution of poverty and travel time is convoluted, since hospitals are often located in wealthier urban places and are scarcer in poorer remote area. This study aims to partition the variability in hospital-based childbirth by poverty and travel time in four sub-Saharan African countries. + + + Methods + We used data from the most recent Demographic and Health Survey in Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria and Tanzania. For each country, geographic coordinates of survey clusters, the master list of hospital locations and a high-resolution map of land surface friction were used to estimate travel time from each DHS cluster to the nearest hospital with a shortest-path algorithm. We quantified and compared the predicted probabilities of hospital-based childbirth resulting from one standard deviation (SD) change around the mean for different model predictors. + + + Results + The mean travel time to the nearest hospital, in minutes, was 27 (Kenya), 31 (Malawi), 25 (Nigeria) and 62 (Tanzania). In Kenya, a change of 1SD in wealth led to a 33.2 percentage points change in the probability of hospital birth, whereas a 1SD change in travel time led to a change of 16.6 percentage points. The marginal effect of 1SD change in wealth was weaker than that of travel time in Malawi (13.1 vs. 34.0 percentage points) and Tanzania (20.4 vs. 33.7 percentage points). In Nigeria, the two were similar (22.3 vs. 24.8 percentage points) but their additive effect was twice stronger (44.6 percentage points) than the separate effects. Random effects from survey clusters also explained substantial variability in hospital-based childbirth in all countries, indicating other unobserved local factors at play. + + + Conclusions + Both poverty and long travel time are important determinants of hospital birth, although they vary in the extent to which they influence whether women give birth in a hospital within and across countries. This suggests that different strategies are needed to effectively enable poor women and women living in remote areas to gain access to skilled and adequate care for childbirth.}, + language = {en}, + number = {1}, + urldate = {2023-10-18}, + journal = {International Journal for Equity in Health}, + author = {Wong, Kerry L. M. and Brady, Oliver J. and Campbell, Oona M. R. and Banke-Thomas, Aduragbemi and Benova, Lenka}, + month = dec, + year = {2020}, + keywords = {Introduction \& Discussion}, + pages = {15}, +} + +@book{oom_atlas_2021, + title = {Atlas of the human planet 2020}, + abstract = {The 2020 edition of the Atlas of the Human Planet presents policy-relevant examples provided by users of Global Human Settlement Layer (GHSL) products. Following a call for contribution, 37 showcases cover the domains of disaster risk reduction and crisis management, environment, urbanisation, and sustainable development. They were provided by members of the GEO Human Planet Initiative, the European Commission, international organisations including the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, the International Organisation for Migration, the World Bank, and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, academia as well as the private sector. Each of the showcases demonstrates the added value of open and free geoinformation and provides policy recommendations for its domain. +The Atlas discusses also challenges and limitations of current global data sets and provides an outlook on the upcoming GHSL data release 2020 as well as the plan for a future production of the GHSL data under the umbrella of the Copernicus services.}, + author = {Oom, Duarte}, + month = feb, + year = {2021}, + keywords = {Introduction \& Discussion}, +} + +@article{grau_landscape_2022, + title = {Landscape divergence associated with international borders and economic asymmetries}, + volume = {32}, + issn = {0327-5477}, + url = {http://ojs.ecologiaaustral.com.ar/index.php/Ecologia_Austral/article/view/1868}, + doi = {10.25260/EA.22.32.2.1.1868}, + language = {en}, + number = {2bis}, + urldate = {2024-03-03}, + journal = {Ecología Austral}, + author = {Grau, H. Ricardo and Gasparri, N. Ignacio and Aráoz, Ezequiel and Aide, T. Michell and Piquer Rodríguez, María}, + month = may, + year = {2022}, + keywords = {Introduction \& Discussion}, + pages = {663--669}, +} + +@article{mohebalian_deforestation_2022, + title = {Deforestation in {South} {America}'s tri-national {Paraná} {Atlantic} {Forest}: {Trends} and associational factors}, + volume = {137}, + issn = {1389-9341}, + shorttitle = {Deforestation in {South} {America}'s tri-national {Paraná} {Atlantic} {Forest}}, + url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389934122000090}, + doi = {10.1016/j.forpol.2022.102697}, + abstract = {South America's Tri-national Paraná Atlantic Forest, an ecological region spanning across the nations of Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay, is one of the most diverse in the world but also one of the most vulnerable to deforestation. A review of public policy interventions shows all three governments have taken major legislative steps to protect remaining forests, but studies evaluating deforestation trends and associated factors in this region are scarce or non-existent. Here, we make a direct contribution to this knowledge gap by assessing deforestation trends within Paraná Atlantic forests of Argentina's Misiones, Brazil's Paraná, and Paraguay's Alto Paraná between 2000 and 2020. Over this period about 20\% of forest cover was lost in Misiones, 13\% in Paraná, and 18\% in Alto Paraná. The odds of observed deforestation, else constant, showed nuanced associations with proximity to nearest roads, cities, and ports. Higher levels of economic growth were directly associated with deforestation, as were increases in population density over the entire period. Protected area designation between years 2000 and 2020 showed effectiveness in lowering odds of deforestation with heterogeneous associations across countries. Our results reflect associational inferences with estimated deforestation; future research should investigate causal effects of protected designation, and assess its role in avoided degradation and wider socio-economic impacts.}, + urldate = {2024-05-29}, + journal = {Forest Policy and Economics}, + author = {Mohebalian, Phillip M. and Lopez, Lucas N. and Tischner, Angela Bárbara and Aguilar, Francisco X.}, + month = apr, + year = {2022}, + keywords = {Introduction \& Discussion}, + pages = {102697}, +} + +@techreport{world_health_organization_increasing_2010, + title = {Increasing access to health workers in remote and rural areas through improved retention: global policy recommendations}, + shorttitle = {Increasing access to health workers in remote and rural areas through improved retention}, + url = {https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/44369}, + language = {en}, + urldate = {2023-10-18}, + author = {World Health Organization}, + year = {2010}, + keywords = {Introduction \& Discussion}, + pages = {71}, +} + +@article{canova_forest_2017, + title = {Forest cover loss in {Paraguay} and perception of ecosystem services: {A} case study of the {Upper} {Parana} {Forest}}, + volume = {24}, + shorttitle = {Forest cover loss in {Paraguay} and perception of ecosystem services}, + doi = {10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.03.009}, + abstract = {The Upper Parana Atlantic Forest (BAAPA) in Paraguay is one of the most threatened tropical forests in the +world. Relentless agricultural encroachment has left less than 10\% of its original cover intact. Many +strategies and programs have been initiated, such as Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) schemes, +to halt forest cover loss. While the approach of ecosystem services (ES) has been continuously applied +by policy makers, it has not been perceived strongly by the direct users of the forest. This study provides +a comprehensive understanding on how landowners in the BAAPA perceive and benefits from ES derived +from the forest and examines the influence of farmers on forest conservation. The results were obtained +from an extensive household survey performed in the BAAPA region. An understanding of the high ecological +value of the forest is common to all farmers. A strong dependency on forest-related products was +observed for small and medium landowners whereas large-scale farmers considered the forest’s main +value to be mostly recreational and cultural. PES appears to be well accepted by forest owners, but it must +receive stronger promotion. Understanding the importance of ecosystem services is a valuable contribution +toward to conserving natural resources.}, + journal = {Ecosystem Services}, + author = {Canova, Emmanuel and Kuenzer, Claudia and Parker, Amanda and Rodas, Oscar and Oppelt, Natascha and Fleckenstein, Martina}, + month = apr, + year = {2017}, + keywords = {Introduction \& Discussion}, + pages = {200--2012}, +} + +@article{buzza_distance_2011, + title = {Distance is {Relative}: {Unpacking} a {Principal} {Barrier} in {Rural} {Healthcare}}, + volume = {26}, + issn = {0884-8734, 1525-1497}, + shorttitle = {Distance is {Relative}}, + url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11606-011-1762-1}, + doi = {10.1007/s11606-011-1762-1}, + language = {en}, + number = {S2}, + urldate = {2023-10-18}, + journal = {Journal of General Internal Medicine}, + author = {Buzza, Colin and Ono, Sarah S. and Turvey, Carolyn and Wittrock, Stacy and Noble, Matt and Reddy, Gautam and Kaboli, Peter J. and Reisinger, Heather Schacht}, + month = nov, + year = {2011}, + keywords = {Introduction \& Discussion}, + pages = {648--654}, +} + +@book{acemoglu_why_2013, + address = {London}, + edition = {Paperback ed}, + title = {Why nations fail: the origins of power, prosperity, and poverty}, + isbn = {978-1-84668-429-6 978-1-84668-430-2 978-1-84668-610-8}, + shorttitle = {Why nations fail}, + language = {eng}, + publisher = {Profile Books}, + author = {Acemoglu, Daron and Robinson, James A.}, + year = {2013}, + keywords = {Introduction \& Discussion}, +} + +@book{bexell_politics_2021, + address = {Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY}, + series = {Routledge studies in sustainable development}, + title = {The politics of the sustainable development goals: legitimacy, responsibility, and accountability}, + isbn = {978-1-00-304361-4}, + shorttitle = {The politics of the sustainable development goals}, + abstract = {"This book draws attention to political aspects of sustainable development goal-setting, exploring the Sustainable Development Goals at the global-national nexus during their first five years. After broad global deliberation and political negotiations, the 2030 Agenda and its Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were adopted in the United Nations (UN) General Assembly in 2015 and by now many countries have political structures in place for working towards their realisation. This book explores three concepts to call attention to political qualities of processes related to the SDGs: legitimacy, responsibility, and accountability. Legitimacy is required to obtain broad political ownership for policy goals in order for them to become effective in addressing cross-border sustainability challenges. Responsibility needs to be clearly distributed among political institutions if a long-term set of broad goals such as the SDGs are to be realised. Accountability to the public is the retrospective mirror of political responsibility. The Politics of the Sustainable Development Goals contributes new knowledge on political processes at the nexus of global and national levels, focusing on three countries at different levels of socio-economic development and democratisation, namely Ghana, Tanzania, and Sweden. These countries thereby illustrate a variety of challenges related to the realisation of the SDGs. This book will be of great interest to students and scholars of sustainable development, international organisations, and global politics"--}, + publisher = {Routledge Taylor \& Francis Group}, + author = {Bexell, Magdalena and Jönsson, Kristina}, + year = {2021}, + keywords = {Introduction \& Discussion}, +} + +@book{cavallo_structures_2020, + title = {From {Structures} to {Services}: {The} {Path} to {Better} {Infrastructure} in {Latin} {America} and the {Caribbean}}, + isbn = {978-1-59782-401-9}, + shorttitle = {From {Structures} to {Services}}, + url = {https://publications.iadb.org/en/node/28412}, + language = {en}, + urldate = {2024-05-16}, + publisher = {Inter-American Development Bank}, + editor = {Cavallo, Eduardo A. and Powell, Andrew and Serebrisky, Tomás}, + month = jul, + year = {2020}, + doi = {10.18235/0002506}, + keywords = {Introduction \& Discussion}, +} + +@book{diamond_natural_2010, + address = {Cambridge (Mass.)}, + title = {Natural experiments of history}, + isbn = {978-0-674-03557-7}, + language = {eng}, + publisher = {The Belknap press of Harvard university press}, + author = {Diamond, Jared M. and Robinson, James A.}, + year = {2010}, + keywords = {Introduction \& Discussion}, +} + +@book{marques_atlantic_2021, + address = {Cham}, + title = {The {Atlantic} {Forest}: {History}, {Biodiversity}, {Threats} and {Opportunities} of the {Mega}-diverse {Forest}}, + copyright = {https://www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining}, + isbn = {978-3-030-55321-0 978-3-030-55322-7}, + shorttitle = {The {Atlantic} {Forest}}, + url = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-55322-7}, + language = {en}, + urldate = {2024-05-08}, + publisher = {Springer International Publishing}, + editor = {Marques, Marcia C. M. and Grelle, Carlos E. V.}, + year = {2021}, + doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-55322-7}, + keywords = {Introduction \& Discussion}, +} + +@article{bressane_atlantic_2023, + title = {Atlantic {Forest} {Ecosystems}: {Are} {There} {Significant} {Differences} {When} {Compared} at the {Same} {Stage} of {Regeneration}?}, + volume = {15}, + copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/}, + issn = {2071-1050}, + shorttitle = {Atlantic {Forest} {Ecosystems}}, + url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/8/6823}, + doi = {10.3390/su15086823}, + abstract = {For the monitoring and assessment of Atlantic Forest ecosystems, key indicators of the regeneration stage are considered. However, the current classification of these stages by experts does not consider the possible differences among such ecosystems. In order to test the hypothesis of significant differences, Atlantic Forest ecosystems in southern Brazil were compared at the same stage (initial, medium, and advanced stages of regeneration). An extensive database of the floristic forest inventory of Santa Catarina state, southern Brazil, with 460 sampling units, was used, addressing the seasonal deciduous forest (SDF), dense ombrophilous forest (DOF), and mixed ombrophilous forest (MOF). The regeneration stage of each sample unit was previously classified by experts using five key indicators (basal area per hectare—BA/ha; number of individuals per hectare—N/ha; number of species—S; Shannon biodiversity index—H’; and diameter at breast height—DBH). The Kruskal–Wallis method and pairwise multiple comparisons based on Dunn’s procedure were applied, considering two-way tests with 5\% significance, and 95\% power. The statistical tests confirmed the research hypothesis, namely, that the key indicators had significant differences in the later regeneration stages of Atlantic Forest ecosystems. For instance, S in DOF was statistically higher (p {\textless} 0.001) than in MOF and SDF (44 ± 9); N in SDF was significantly lower (394 ± 248 at mid-stage) compared to MOF (475 ± 233) and DOF (545 ± 173); and H’ showed increasing differences towards more advanced stages. Considering that the stage of forest regeneration is the main criterion for decision-making between suppression and conservation of forest ecosystems, the results achieved should support the review of current procedures applied to the classification of successional stages. Given the demonstrated differences, in the next steps of research, we will evaluate and propose specific standards for each Atlantic Forest ecosystem, i.e., intervals of discriminating values for the key indicators applicable to this biome.}, + language = {en}, + number = {8}, + urldate = {2024-06-09}, + journal = {Sustainability}, + author = {Bressane, Adriano and Pinto, João Pedro da Cunha and da Silva, Julia Villalta and Silva, Mirela Beatriz and Siminski, Alexandre and Medeiros, Líliam César de Castro and Negri, Rogério Galante}, + month = jan, + year = {2023}, + note = {Number: 8 +Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute}, + keywords = {Introduction \& Discussion}, + pages = {6823}, +} + +@article{alegana_treatment-seeking_2017, + title = {Treatment-seeking behaviour in low- and middle-income countries estimated using a {Bayesian} model}, + volume = {17}, + issn = {1471-2288}, + doi = {10.1186/s12874-017-0346-0}, + language = {en}, + number = {1}, + urldate = {2023-10-18}, + journal = {BMC Medical Research Methodology}, + author = {Alegana, Victor A. and Wright, Jim and Pezzulo, Carla and Tatem, Andrew J. and Atkinson, Peter M.}, + month = dec, + year = {2017}, + keywords = {Introduction \& Discussion}, + pages = {67}, +} + +@article{harris_array_2020, + title = {Array programming with {NumPy}}, + volume = {585}, + issn = {0028-0836, 1476-4687}, + url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2649-2}, + doi = {10.1038/s41586-020-2649-2}, + abstract = {Abstract Array programming provides a powerful, compact and expressive syntax for accessing, manipulating and operating on data in vectors, matrices and higher-dimensional arrays. NumPy is the primary array programming library for the Python language. It has an essential role in research analysis pipelines in fields as diverse as physics, chemistry, astronomy, geoscience, biology, psychology, materials science, engineering, finance and economics. For example, in astronomy, NumPy was an important part of the software stack used in the discovery of gravitational waves 1 and in the first imaging of a black hole 2 . Here we review how a few fundamental array concepts lead to a simple and powerful programming paradigm for organizing, exploring and analysing scientific data. NumPy is the foundation upon which the scientific Python ecosystem is constructed. It is so pervasive that several projects, targeting audiences with specialized needs, have developed their own NumPy-like interfaces and array objects. Owing to its central position in the ecosystem, NumPy increasingly acts as an interoperability layer between such array computation libraries and, together with its application programming interface (API), provides a flexible framework to support the next decade of scientific and industrial analysis.}, + number = {7825}, + urldate = {2023-06-04}, + journal = {Nature}, + author = {Harris, Charles R. and Millman, K. Jarrod and Van Der Walt, Stéfan J. and Gommers, Ralf and Virtanen, Pauli and Cournapeau, David and Wieser, Eric and Taylor, Julian and Berg, Sebastian and Smith, Nathaniel J. and Kern, Robert and Picus, Matti and Hoyer, Stephan and Van Kerkwijk, Marten H. and Brett, Matthew and Haldane, Allan and Del Río, Jaime Fernández and Wiebe, Mark and Peterson, Pearu and Gérard-Marchant, Pierre and Sheppard, Kevin and Reddy, Tyler and Weckesser, Warren and Abbasi, Hameer and Gohlke, Christoph and Oliphant, Travis E.}, + month = sep, + year = {2020}, + keywords = {Methodology}, + pages = {357--362}, +} + +@phdthesis{cardelli_caso_2021, + title = {Caso en situación de frontera: {Hospital} {Madariaga} - {Provincia} de {Misiones}}, + language = {es}, + school = {Universidad Nacional de La Plata}, + author = {Cardelli, Mariano and Muñoz, Leandro Emanuel}, + year = {2021}, + keywords = {Introduction \& Discussion}, +} + +@misc{jordahl_geopandasgeopandas_2020, + title = {geopandas/geopandas: v0.8.1}, + url = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3946761}, + publisher = {Zenodo}, + author = {Jordahl, Kelsey and Bossche, Joris Van den and Fleischmann, Martin and Wasserman, Jacob and McBride, James and Gerard, Jeffrey and Tratner, Jeff and Perry, Matthew and Badaracco, Adrian Garcia and Farmer, Carson and Hjelle, Geir Arne and Snow, Alan D. and Cochran, Micah and Gillies, Sean and Culbertson, Lucas and Bartos, Matt and Eubank, Nick and {maxalbert} and Bilogur, Aleksey and Rey, Sergio and Ren, Christopher and Arribas-Bel, Dani and Wasser, Leah and Wolf, Levi John and Journois, Martin and Wilson, Joshua and Greenhall, Adam and Holdgraf, Chris and {Filipe} and Leblanc, François}, + month = jul, + year = {2020}, + doi = {10.5281/zenodo.3946761}, + keywords = {Methodology}, +} + +@article{hunter_matplotlib_2007, + title = {Matplotlib: {A} {2D} {Graphics} {Environment}}, + volume = {9}, + issn = {1521-9615}, + shorttitle = {Matplotlib}, + url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4160265/}, + doi = {10.1109/MCSE.2007.55}, + number = {3}, + urldate = {2023-06-04}, + journal = {Computing in Science \& Engineering}, + author = {Hunter, John D.}, + year = {2007}, + keywords = {Methodology}, + pages = {90--95}, +} + +@misc{hostettler_healthsitesio_2018, + address = {Cham}, + title = {Healthsites.io: {The} {Global} {Healthsites} {Mapping} {Project}}, + shorttitle = {Healthsites.io}, + url = {https://healthsites.io/#}, + language = {en}, + urldate = {2023-10-18}, + publisher = {Springer International Publishing}, + author = {Saameli, René and Kalubi, Dikolela and Herringer, Mark and Sutton, Tim and De Roodenbeke, Eric}, + collaborator = {Hostettler, Silvia and Najih Besson, Samira and Bolay, Jean-Claude}, + year = {2018}, + doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-91068-0_5}, + keywords = {Methodology}, +} + +@misc{humanitatiran_openstreetmap_team_hotosmorg_2024, + title = {Hotosm.org}, + url = {https://www.hotosm.org/}, + urldate = {2023-12-11}, + author = {{Humanitatiran OpenStreetMap Team}}, + year = {2024}, + keywords = {Methodology}, +} + +@misc{ministerio_de_salud_publica_mspbsgovpy_2024, + title = {mspbs.gov.py}, + url = {https://www.mspbs.gov.py/donde-consulto.php}, + author = {{Ministerio de Salud Pública}}, + year = {2024}, + keywords = {Methodology}, +} + +@misc{ministerio_da_saude_hospitais_2024, + title = {Hospitais e {Leitos}}, + url = {https://www.gov.br/saude/pt-br/composicao/seidigi/demas/dados-abertos-1}, + author = {{Ministério da Saúde}}, + year = {2024}, + keywords = {Methodology}, +} + +@misc{olbricht_drolbroverpass-api_2024, + title = {drolbr/{Overpass}-{API}}, + copyright = {AGPL-3.0}, + url = {https://github.com/drolbr/Overpass-API}, + abstract = {A database engine to query the OpenStreetMap data.}, + urldate = {2024-03-10}, + author = {Olbricht, Roland}, + month = mar, + year = {2024}, + note = {original-date: 2012-02-26T10:18:48Z}, + keywords = {Methodology}, +} + +@incollection{jokar_arsanjani_data_2015, + address = {Cham}, + title = {Data {Retrieval} for {Small} {Spatial} {Regions} in {OpenStreetMap}}, + isbn = {978-3-319-14279-1 978-3-319-14280-7}, + url = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-14280-7_6}, + language = {en}, + urldate = {2024-03-03}, + booktitle = {{OpenStreetMap} in {GIScience}}, + publisher = {Springer International Publishing}, + author = {Olbricht, Roland M.}, + editor = {Jokar Arsanjani, Jamal and Zipf, Alexander and Mooney, Peter and Helbich, Marco}, + year = {2015}, + doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-14280-7_6}, + note = {Series Title: Lecture Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography}, + keywords = {Methodology}, + pages = {101--122}, +} + +@article{carrothers_historical_1956, + title = {An {Historical} {Review} of the {Gravity} and {Potential} {Concepts} of {Human} {Interaction}}, + volume = {22}, + issn = {0002-8991}, + url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/01944365608979229}, + doi = {10.1080/01944365608979229}, + number = {2}, + urldate = {2024-06-14}, + journal = {Journal of the American Institute of Planners}, + author = {Carrothers, Gerald A. P.}, + month = jan, + year = {1956}, + note = {Publisher: Routledge +\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/01944365608979229}, + keywords = {Methodology}, + pages = {94--102}, +} + +@article{haklay_how_2010, + title = {How {Good} is {Volunteered} {Geographical} {Information}? {A} {Comparative} {Study} of {OpenStreetMap} and {Ordnance} {Survey} {Datasets}}, + volume = {37}, + issn = {0265-8135, 1472-3417}, + shorttitle = {How {Good} is {Volunteered} {Geographical} {Information}?}, + url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1068/b35097}, + doi = {10.1068/b35097}, + abstract = {Within the framework of Web 2.0 mapping applications, the most striking example of a geographical application is the OpenStreetMap (OSM) project. OSM aims to create a free digital map of the world and is implemented through the engagement of participants in a mode similar to software development in Open Source projects. The information is collected by many participants, collated on a central database, and distributed in multiple digital formats through the World Wide Web. This type of information was termed ‘Volunteered Geographical Information’ (VGI) by Goodchild, 2007. However, to date there has been no systematic analysis of the quality of VGI. This study aims to fill this gap by analysing OSM information. The examination focuses on analysis of its quality through a comparison with Ordnance Survey (OS) datasets. The analysis focuses on London and England, since OSM started in London in August 2004 and therefore the study of these geographies provides the best understanding of the achievements and difficulties of VGI. The analysis shows that OSM information can be fairly accurate: on average within about 6 m of the position recorded by the OS, and with approximately 80\% overlap of motorway objects between the two datasets. In the space of four years, OSM has captured about 29\% of the area of England, of which approximately 24\% are digitised lines without a complete set of attributes. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of the findings to the study of VGI as well as suggesting future research directions.}, + language = {en}, + number = {4}, + urldate = {2023-10-18}, + journal = {Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design}, + author = {Haklay, Mordechai}, + month = aug, + year = {2010}, + keywords = {Methodology}, + pages = {682--703}, +} + +@article{runfola_geoboundaries_2020, + title = {{geoBoundaries}: {A} global database of political administrative boundaries}, + volume = {15}, + issn = {1932-6203}, + shorttitle = {{geoBoundaries}}, + url = {https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231866}, + doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0231866}, + language = {en}, + number = {4}, + urldate = {2023-10-26}, + journal = {PLOS ONE}, + author = {Runfola, Daniel and Anderson, Austin and Baier, Heather and Crittenden, Matt and Dowker, Elizabeth and Fuhrig, Sydney and Goodman, Seth and Grimsley, Grace and Layko, Rachel and Melville, Graham and Mulder, Maddy and Oberman, Rachel and Panganiban, Joshua and Peck, Andrew and Seitz, Leigh and Shea, Sylvia and Slevin, Hannah and Youngerman, Rebecca and Hobbs, Lauren}, + editor = {Tang, Wenwu}, + month = apr, + year = {2020}, + keywords = {Introduction \& Discussion, Methodology}, + pages = {e0231866}, +} + +@misc{international_association_of_oil__gas_producers_iogp_epsg_2024, + title = {{EPSG} {Geodetic} {Parameter} {Dataset}}, + url = {https://epsg.org/home.html}, + urldate = {2024-03-10}, + author = {{International Association of Oil \& Gas Producers (IOGP)}}, + year = {2024}, + keywords = {Methodology}, +} + +@article{dijkstra_note_1959, + title = {A note on two problems in connexion with graphs}, + language = {en}, + journal = {Numerische Mathematik}, + author = {Dijkstra, E W}, + year = {1959}, + keywords = {Methodology}, +} + +@misc{python_software_foundation_python_2024, + title = {Python {Language} {Reference}}, + url = {http://www.python.org/}, + author = {{Python Software Foundation}}, + year = {2024}, + keywords = {Methodology}, +} + +@article{conrad_system_2015, + title = {System for {Automated} {Geoscientific} {Analyses} ({SAGA}) v. 2.1.4}, + volume = {8}, + issn = {1991-959X}, + url = {https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/8/1991/2015/gmd-8-1991-2015.html}, + doi = {10.5194/gmd-8-1991-2015}, + abstract = {The System for Automated Geoscientific Analyses (SAGA) is an open source geographic information system (GIS), mainly licensed under the GNU General Public License. Since its first release in 2004, SAGA has rapidly developed from a specialized tool for digital terrain analysis to a comprehensive and globally established GIS platform for scientific analysis and modeling. SAGA is coded in C++ in an object oriented design and runs under several operating systems including Windows and Linux. Key functional features of the modular software architecture comprise an application programming interface for the development and implementation of new geoscientific methods, a user friendly graphical user interface with many visualization options, a command line interpreter, and interfaces to interpreted languages like R and Python. The current version 2.1.4 offers more than 600 tools, which are implemented in dynamically loadable libraries or shared objects and represent the broad scopes of SAGA in numerous fields of geoscientific endeavor and beyond. In this paper, we inform about the system's architecture, functionality, and its current state of development and implementation. Furthermore, we highlight the wide spectrum of scientific applications of SAGA in a review of published studies, with special emphasis on the core application areas digital terrain analysis, geomorphology, soil science, climatology and meteorology, as well as remote sensing.}, + language = {English}, + number = {7}, + urldate = {2024-03-10}, + journal = {Geoscientific Model Development}, + author = {Conrad, O. and Bechtel, B. and Bock, M. and Dietrich, H. and Fischer, E. and Gerlitz, L. and Wehberg, J. and Wichmann, V. and Böhner, J.}, + month = jul, + year = {2015}, + note = {Publisher: Copernicus GmbH}, + keywords = {Methodology}, + pages = {1991--2007}, +} + +@misc{rouault_gdal_2024, + title = {{GDAL} ({Geospatial} {Data} {Abstraction} {Library})}, + url = {https://github.com/OSGeo/gdal/}, + author = {Rouault, Even and Warmerdam, Frank and Schwehr, Kurt and Kiselev, Andrey and Butler, Howard and Łoskot, Mateusz and Szekeres, Tamas and Tourigny, Etienne and Landa, Martin and Miara, Idan and Elliston, Ben and Chaitanya, Kumar and Plesea, Lucian and Morissette, Daniel and Jolma, Ari and Dawson, Nyall and Baston, Daniel and de Stigter, Craig and Miura, Hiroshi}, + month = jan, + year = {2024}, + doi = {10.5281/zenodo.5884351}, + keywords = {Methodology}, +} + +@misc{qgis_development_team_qgis_2024, + title = {{QGIS} {Geographic} {Information} {System}}, + url = {https://www.qgis.org/}, + publisher = {QGIS Association}, + author = {{QGIS Development Team}}, + year = {2024}, + doi = {10.5281/zenodo.5869837}, + keywords = {Methodology}, +} + +@article{weiss_global_2020, + title = {Global maps of travel time to healthcare facilities}, + volume = {26}, + copyright = {2020 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature America, Inc.}, + issn = {1546-170X}, + url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-020-1059-1}, + doi = {10.1038/s41591-020-1059-1}, + abstract = {Access to healthcare is a requirement for human well-being that is constrained, in part, by the allocation of healthcare resources relative to the geographically dispersed human population1–3. Quantifying access to care globally is challenging due to the absence of a comprehensive database of healthcare facilities. We harness major data collection efforts underway by OpenStreetMap, Google Maps and academic researchers to compile the most complete collection of facility locations to date. Leveraging the geographically variable strengths of our facility datasets, we use an established methodology4 to characterize travel time to healthcare facilities in unprecedented detail. We produce maps of travel time with and without access to motorized transport, thus characterizing travel time to healthcare for populations distributed across the wealth spectrum. We find that just 8.9\% of the global population (646 million people) cannot reach healthcare within one hour if they have access to motorized transport, and that 43.3\% (3.16 billion people) cannot reach a healthcare facility by foot within one hour. Our maps highlight an additional vulnerability faced by poorer individuals in remote areas and can help to estimate whether individuals will seek healthcare when it is needed, as well as providing an evidence base for efficiently distributing limited healthcare and transportation resources to underserved populations both now and in the future.}, + language = {en}, + number = {12}, + urldate = {2023-08-16}, + journal = {Nature Medicine}, + author = {Weiss, D. J. and Nelson, A. and Vargas-Ruiz, C. A. and Gligorić, K. and Bavadekar, S. and Gabrilovich, E. and Bertozzi-Villa, A. and Rozier, J. and Gibson, H. S. and Shekel, T. and Kamath, C. and Lieber, A. and Schulman, K. and Shao, Y. and Qarkaxhija, V. and Nandi, A. K. and Keddie, S. H. and Rumisha, S. and Amratia, P. and Arambepola, R. and Chestnutt, E. G. and Millar, J. J. and Symons, T. L. and Cameron, E. and Battle, K. E. and Bhatt, S. and Gething, P. W.}, + month = dec, + year = {2020}, + note = {Number: 12 +Publisher: Nature Publishing Group}, + keywords = {Introduction \& Discussion, Methodology}, + pages = {1835--1838}, +} + +@book{european_commission_joint_research_centre_global_2021, + address = {LU}, + title = {Global {Human} {Settlement} {Layer}: understanding human presence on planet {Earth} : science based information on population and human settlements to support informed policy decisions.}, + shorttitle = {Global {Human} {Settlement} {Layer}}, + url = {https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2760/456883}, + language = {eng}, + urldate = {2024-03-03}, + publisher = {Publications Office}, + author = {{European Commission. Joint Research Centre.}}, + year = {2021}, + keywords = {Introduction \& Discussion, Methodology}, +} + +@article{weiss_global_2018, + title = {A global map of travel time to cities to assess inequalities in accessibility in 2015}, + volume = {553}, + copyright = {2018 Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature. All rights reserved.}, + issn = {1476-4687}, + url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/nature25181}, + doi = {10.1038/nature25181}, + abstract = {Travel time to cities in 2015 is quantified in a high-resolution global map that will be useful for socio-economic policy design and conservation research.}, + language = {en}, + number = {7688}, + urldate = {2023-08-16}, + journal = {Nature}, + author = {Weiss, D. J. and Nelson, A. and Gibson, H. S. and Temperley, W. and Peedell, S. and Lieber, A. and Hancher, M. and Poyart, E. and Belchior, S. and Fullman, N. and Mappin, B. and Dalrymple, U. and Rozier, J. and Lucas, T. C. D. and Howes, R. E. and Tusting, L. S. and Kang, S. Y. and Cameron, E. and Bisanzio, D. and Battle, K. E. and Bhatt, S. and Gething, P. W.}, + month = jan, + year = {2018}, + note = {Number: 7688 +Publisher: Nature Publishing Group}, + keywords = {Introduction \& Discussion, Methodology}, + pages = {333--336}, +} + +@article{piquer-rodriguez_land_2021, + title = {Land systems’ asymmetries across transnational ecoregions in {South} {America}}, + volume = {16}, + issn = {1862-4057}, + url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-021-00967-2}, + doi = {10.1007/s11625-021-00967-2}, + abstract = {The landscape configuration of socio-ecological land systems results from the interaction between the environmental conditions (relatively homogeneous within ecoregions) and country-level management and land-use decisions. However, social, land-use and sustainability research disciplines often study each independently. We used Euclidean distance analyses of five indicators of land systems functioning to explore the geographical patterns of across-border human-induced asymmetries in transnational ecoregions of South America. The most asymmetric transnational ecoregions occurred in the tropical rainforest biome which also showed the widest range of asymmetry values compared to other biomes. In contrast, transnational ecoregions in montane grasslands showed comparatively little asymmetries, and tropical dry forests showed intermediate asymmetry values. This pattern indicates that major asymmetries occur in land systems located in productive biomes with a comparatively recent history of development, whereas mature socio-ecosystems with a long history of human land use are more homogeneous across borders. In some cases, asymmetries may stabilize as a consequence of reinforcing feedbacks that promote contrasting land-use decisions across borders, including, for example, the establishment of protected areas, or the promotion of agro-industrial activities. Transnational socio-ecological land systems can be used to evaluate alternatives for sustainable development because they highlight the influence of institutions under different governance regimes in defining the spatial configuration and ecological properties of regions. We invite land-use and sustainability scientists to consider political border interactions as valuable “natural experiments” to better understand the interrelations between biophysical and political systems in defining planetary geographical-ecology in the Anthropocene.}, + language = {en}, + number = {5}, + urldate = {2023-10-31}, + journal = {Sustainability Science}, + author = {Piquer-Rodríguez, M. and Gasparri, N. I. and Zarbá, L. and Aráoz, E. and Grau, H. R.}, + month = sep, + year = {2021}, + keywords = {Introduction \& Discussion}, + pages = {1519--1538}, +} + +@article{nelson_suite_2019, + title = {A suite of global accessibility indicators}, + volume = {6}, + copyright = {2019 The Author(s)}, + issn = {2052-4463}, + url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-019-0265-5}, + doi = {10.1038/s41597-019-0265-5}, + abstract = {Good access to resources and opportunities is essential for sustainable development. Improving access, especially in rural areas, requires useful measures of current access to the locations where these resources and opportunities are found. Recent work has developed a global map of travel times to cities with more than 50,000 people in the year 2015. However, the provision of resources and opportunities will differ across the broad spectrum of settlements that range from small towns to megacities, and access to this spectrum of settlement sizes should also be measured. Here we present a suite of nine global travel-time accessibility indicators for the year 2015, at approximately one-kilometre spatial resolution, for a range of settlement size classes. We validated the travel-time estimates against journey times from a Google driving directions application across 1,511 2° × 2° tiles representing 47,812 journeys. We observed very good agreement, though our estimates were more frequently shorter than those from the Google application with a median difference of −13.7 minutes and a median percentage difference of −16.9\%.}, + language = {en}, + number = {1}, + urldate = {2024-03-03}, + journal = {Scientific Data}, + author = {Nelson, Andy and Weiss, Daniel J. and van Etten, Jacob and Cattaneo, Andrea and McMenomy, Theresa S. and Koo, Jawoo}, + month = nov, + year = {2019}, + note = {Publisher: Nature Publishing Group}, + keywords = {Introduction \& Discussion}, + pages = {266}, +} + +@book{elmasri_fundamentals_2016, + address = {Hoboken, NJ}, + edition = {Seventh edition}, + title = {Fundamentals of database systems}, + isbn = {978-0-13-397077-7}, + abstract = {"This book introduces the fundamental concepts necessary for designing, using, and implementing database systems and database applications. Our presentation stresses the fundamentals of database modeling and design, the languages and models provided by the database management systems, and database system implementation techniques"--Page vii}, + language = {en}, + publisher = {Pearson}, + author = {Elmasri, Ramez and Navathe, Sham}, + year = {2016}, + note = {OCLC: ocn913842106}, +} + +@book{viafore_robust_2021, + address = {Beijing [China]; Boston [MA]}, + edition = {First edition}, + title = {Robust {Python}: write clean and maintainable code}, + isbn = {978-1-09-810066-7}, + shorttitle = {Robust {Python}}, + publisher = {O'Reilly}, + author = {Viafore, Patrick}, + year = {2021}, +} + +@book{xie_r_2019, + address = {Boca Raton}, + title = {R {Markdown}: the definitive guide}, + isbn = {978-0-429-78296-1}, + shorttitle = {R {Markdown}}, + publisher = {CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group}, + author = {Xie, Yihui and Allaire, J. J. and Grolemund, Garrett}, + year = {2019}, +} + +@book{heineman_learning_2021, + address = {Beijing [China] ; Boston [MA]}, + edition = {First edition}, + title = {Learning algorithms: a programmer's guide to writing better code}, + isbn = {978-1-4920-9106-6}, + shorttitle = {Learning algorithms}, + publisher = {O'Reilly Media, Inc}, + author = {Heineman, George T.}, + year = {2021}, +} + +@book{cormen_introduction_2022, + address = {Cambridge, Massachusett}, + edition = {Fourth edition}, + title = {Introduction to algorithms}, + isbn = {978-0-262-04630-5}, + abstract = {"The leading introductory textbook and reference on algorithms"--}, + publisher = {The MIT Press}, + author = {Cormen, Thomas H. and Leiserson, Charles Eric and Rivest, Ronald L. and Stein, Clifford}, + year = {2022}, +} + +@book{preschern_fluent_2023, + address = {Beijing Sebastopol, CA}, + edition = {First edition}, + title = {Fluent {C}: principles, practices, and patterns}, + isbn = {978-1-4920-9733-4}, + shorttitle = {Fluent {C}}, + abstract = {"Expert advice on C programming is hard to find. While much help is available for object-oriented programming languages, there's surprisingly little for the C language. With this hands-on guide, beginners and experienced C programmers alike will find guidance about design decisions, including how to apply them bit by bit to running code examples when building large-scale programs. Christopher Preschern, a leading member of the design patterns community, answers questions such as how to structure C programs, cope with error handling, or design flexible interfaces. Whether you're looking for one particular pattern or an overview of design options for a specific topic, this book shows you how to implement hands-on design knowledge specifically for the C programming language. You'll find design patterns for: Error handling Returning error information Memory management Returning data from C functions Data lifetime and ownership Flexible APIs Flexible iterator interfaces Organizing files in modular programs Escaping \#ifdef Hell."--Page 4 of cover}, + publisher = {O'Reilly}, + author = {Preschern, Christopher}, + year = {2023}, + note = {OCLC: on1322366517}, +} + +@book{kemper_datenbanksysteme_2009, + address = {München}, + edition = {7., aktualisierte und erw. Aufl}, + title = {Datenbanksysteme: eine {Einführung}}, + isbn = {978-3-486-59018-0}, + shorttitle = {Datenbanksysteme}, + language = {de}, + publisher = {Oldenbourg}, + author = {Kemper, Alfons and Eickler, André}, + year = {2009}, +} + +@book{kubica_data_2022, + address = {San Francisco}, + title = {Data structures the fun way: an amusing adventure with coffee-filled examples}, + isbn = {978-1-71850-260-4}, + shorttitle = {Data structures the fun way}, + language = {eng}, + publisher = {No Starch Press}, + author = {Kubica, Jeremy}, + year = {2022}, +} + +@book{drozdek_data_2013, + address = {Boston, MA}, + edition = {Fourth edition}, + title = {Data structures and algorithms in {C}++}, + isbn = {978-1-133-60842-4}, + language = {en}, + publisher = {Cengage Learning}, + author = {Drozdek, Adam}, + year = {2013}, +} + +@book{iglberger_c_2022, + address = {Sebastopol, CA}, + edition = {First edition}, + title = {C++ software design: design principles and patterns for high-quality software}, + isbn = {978-1-09-811316-2}, + shorttitle = {C++ software design}, + abstract = {Good software design is essential for the success of your project, but designing software is hard to do. You need to have a deep understanding of the consequences of design decisions and a good overview of available design alternatives. With this book, experienced C++ developers will get a thorough, practical, and unparalleled overview of software design with this modern language. C++ trainer and consultant Klaus Iglberger explains how you can manage dependencies and abstractions, improve changeability and extensibility of software entities, and apply and implement modern design patterns to help you take advantage of today's possibilities. Software design is the most essential aspect of a software project because it impacts the software's most important properties: maintainability, changeability, and extensibility}, + publisher = {O'Reilly}, + author = {Iglberger, Klaus}, + year = {2022}, + note = {OCLC: on1348993594}, +} + +@book{lospinoso_c_2019, + address = {San Francisco, CA}, + edition = {First edition}, + title = {C++ crash course: a fast-paced {Introduction}}, + isbn = {978-1-59327-888-5}, + shorttitle = {C++ crash course}, + abstract = {"A guide to C++ that begins by introducing all the core language features, then explores the Standard and Boost Libraries. Covers major features of modern C++, including types, expressions, containers, and more"--}, + publisher = {No Starch Press, Inc}, + author = {Lospinoso, Josh}, + year = {2019}, +} + +@book{sweigart_automate_2015, + address = {San Francisco}, + title = {Automate the boring stuff with {Python}: practical programming for total beginners}, + isbn = {978-1-59327-599-0}, + shorttitle = {Automate the boring stuff with {Python}}, + abstract = {In Automate the Boring Stuff with Python, you'll learn how to use Python to write programs that do in minutes what would take you hours to do by hand -- no prior programming experience required. Once you've mastered the basics of programming, you'll create Python programs that effortlessly perform useful and impressive feats of automation to: Search for text in a file or across multiple files; Create, update, move, and rename files and folders; Search the Web and download online content; Update and format data in Excel spreadsheets of any size; Split, merge, watermark, and encrypt PDFs; Send reminder emails and text notifications; Fill out online forms. Step-by-step instructions walk you through each program, and practice projects at the end of each chapter challenge you to improve those programs and use your newfound skills to automate similar tasks}, + language = {en}, + publisher = {No Starch Press}, + author = {Sweigart, Al}, + year = {2015}, + note = {OCLC: ocn881657225}, +} + +@book{schoning_algorithmen_1997, + address = {Heidelberg Berlin}, + series = {Spektrum-{Hochschultaschenbuch}}, + title = {Algorithmen - kurz gefasst}, + isbn = {978-3-8274-0232-5}, + language = {ger}, + publisher = {Spektrum Akad. Verl}, + author = {Schöning, Uwe}, + year = {1997}, +} + +@book{kleinberg_algorithm_2014, + address = {Harlow}, + edition = {Pearson new internat. ed. [der] 1.ed}, + title = {Algorithm design}, + isbn = {978-1-292-02394-6}, + language = {en}, + publisher = {Pearson}, + author = {Kleinberg, Jon and Tardos, Éva}, + year = {2014}, +} + +@book{scharlau_schulwissen_2010, + address = {Braunschweig Wiesbaden}, + edition = {3., durchges. Aufl., Nachdr}, + series = {Vieweg {Mathematik}}, + title = {Schulwissen {Mathematik}: ein Überblick ; was ein {Studienanfänger} von der {Mathematik} wissen sollte}, + isbn = {978-3-528-26541-0}, + shorttitle = {Schulwissen {Mathematik}}, + language = {de}, + publisher = {Vieweg}, + author = {Scharlau, Winfried}, + year = {2010}, +} + +@book{cramer_toolbox_2017, + address = {Berlin, Heidelberg}, + title = {Toolbox {Mathematik} für {MINT}-{Studiengänge}}, + isbn = {978-3-662-53629-2 978-3-662-53630-8}, + url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-662-53630-8}, + language = {de}, + urldate = {2023-12-14}, + publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg}, + author = {Cramer, Erhard and Kamps, Udo and Lehmann, Jessica and Walcher, Sebastian}, + year = {2017}, + doi = {10.1007/978-3-662-53630-8}, +} + +@book{deitmar_analysis_2021, + address = {Berlin, Heidelberg}, + title = {Analysis}, + isbn = {978-3-662-62857-7 978-3-662-62858-4}, + url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-662-62858-4}, + language = {de}, + urldate = {2022-10-21}, + publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg}, + author = {Deitmar, Anton}, + year = {2021}, + doi = {10.1007/978-3-662-62858-4}, +} + +@book{glosauer_hochschulmathematik_2017, + address = {Wiesbaden}, + title = {({Hoch}){Schulmathematik}}, + isbn = {978-3-658-14762-4 978-3-658-14763-1}, + url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-658-14763-1}, + language = {de}, + urldate = {2023-12-14}, + publisher = {Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden}, + author = {Glosauer, Tobias}, + year = {2017}, + doi = {10.1007/978-3-658-14763-1}, +} + +@book{precht_mathematik_2011, + address = {München}, + edition = {8., korrigierte Auflage}, + title = {Mathematik 1 für {Nichtmathematiker}: {Grundbegriffe}, {Vektorrechnung}, {Lineare} {Algebra} und {Matrizenrechnung}, {Kombinatorik}, {Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung}}, + isbn = {978-3-486-70519-5}, + shorttitle = {Mathematik 1 für {Nichtmathematiker}}, + language = {ger}, + publisher = {Oldenbourg}, + author = {Precht, Manfred and Voti, Karl and Kraft, Roland}, + year = {2011}, +} + +@book{wagner_einstieg_2016, + address = {Berlin, Heidelberg}, + title = {Einstieg in die {Hochschulmathematik}: {Verständlich} erklärt vom {Abiturniveau} aus}, + isbn = {978-3-662-47512-6 978-3-662-47513-3}, + shorttitle = {Einstieg in die {Hochschulmathematik}}, + url = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-662-47513-3}, + language = {de}, + urldate = {2023-12-14}, + publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg}, + author = {Wagner, Jürgen}, + year = {2016}, + doi = {10.1007/978-3-662-47513-3}, +} + +@book{fleurant_mathematics_2018, + address = {New York, NY}, + title = {Mathematics for earth science and geography: introductory course with practical exercises and {R}/{XCAS} resources}, + isbn = {978-3-319-69241-8}, + shorttitle = {Mathematics for earth science and geography}, + publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg}, + author = {Fleurant, Cyril}, + year = {2018}, +} + +@book{sebesta_concepts_2019, + address = {NY, NY}, + edition = {Twelfth edition}, + title = {Concepts of programming languages}, + isbn = {978-0-13-499718-6 978-0-13-478802-9}, + language = {en}, + publisher = {Pearson}, + author = {Sebesta, Robert W.}, + year = {2019}, +} + +@article{galich_how_2021, + title = {How {Would} {We} {Cycle} {Today} {If} {We} {Had} the {Weather} of {Tomorrow}? {An} {Analysis} of the {Impact} of {Climate} {Change} on {Bicycle} {Traffic}}, + volume = {13}, + shorttitle = {How {Would} {We} {Cycle} {Today} {If} {We} {Had} the {Weather} of {Tomorrow}?}, + url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/18/10254}, + doi = {10.3390/su131810254}, + abstract = {Bicycle usage is significantly affected by weather conditions. Climate change is, therefore, expected to have an impact on the volume of bicycle traffic, which is an important factor in the planning and design of bicycle infrastructures. To predict bicycle traffic in a changed climate in the city of Berlin, this paper compares a traditional statistical approach to three machine learning models. For this purpose, a cross-validation procedure is developed that evaluates model performance on the basis of prediction accuracy. XGBoost showed the best performance and is used for the prediction of bicycle counts. Our results indicate that we can expect an overall annual increase in bicycle traffic of 1-4\% in the city of Berlin due to the changes in local weather conditions caused by global climate change. The biggest changes are expected to occur in the winter season with increases of 11-14\% due to rising temperatures and only slight increases in precipitation.}, + language = {English}, + number = {18}, + urldate = {2023-02-24}, + journal = {Sustainability}, + author = {Galich, Anton and Nieland, Simon and Lenz, Barbara and Blechschmidt, Jan}, + month = sep, + year = {2021}, + note = {Number: 18 +Place: Basel +Publisher: Mdpi +WOS:000701934600001}, + pages = {10254}, +} + +@article{goletz_intermodality_2020, + title = {Intermodality in {European} metropolises: {The} current state of the art, and the results of an expert survey covering {Berlin}, {Copenhagen}, {Hamburg} and {Paris}}, + volume = {94}, + issn = {0967-070X}, + shorttitle = {Intermodality in {European} metropolises}, + url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967070X19302951}, + doi = {10.1016/j.tranpol.2020.04.011}, + abstract = {Intermodality, defined as using more than one mode for a single trip, is frequently discussed as a measure to help achieve more sustainable mobility in Europe, especially in cities. However, intermodality presents challenges for transport providers, and has its drawbacks for users, who prefer connections that do not require changing between transport modes. As a basis for forming recommendations to facilitate intermodality, we first analysed the status quo of intermodal mobility in four European metropolises: Berlin, Copenhagen, Hamburg and Paris. Subsequently, we conducted an expert survey in which we asked experts in the four cities about the future share and development of intermodality, its future relevance and potential of intermodality in transport planning, and how various factors on both the demand and supply side influence the level of intermodal activity. According to our findings, most experts foresee an increase in the share of intermodal trips. They also believe the relevance of including intermodality considerations in transport planning to be increasing. The increase of intermodal mobility will be driven by factors such as reduced vehicle ownership, but also by new mobility patterns. The latter can be explained by social factors such as urbanisation or digitalisation that affect the lifestyle of cities’ inhabitants in future.}, + language = {en}, + urldate = {2023-02-24}, + journal = {Transport Policy}, + author = {Goletz, Mirko and Haustein, Sonja and Wolking, Christina and L’Hostis, Alain}, + month = aug, + year = {2020}, + pages = {109--122}, +} + +@book{bobrowsky_encyclopedia_2013, + address = {Dordrecht ; New York}, + series = {Encyclopedia of earth sciences series}, + title = {Encyclopedia of natural hazards}, + isbn = {978-90-481-8699-0 978-94-007-0263-9}, + abstract = {Few subjects share the true interdisciplinary dependency that characterizes the field of natural hazards. 'Encyclopedia of Natural Hazards' captures and integrates contributions from international specialists whose range of expertise addresses some 250 topics pertinent to the field of natural hazards}, + language = {en}, + publisher = {Springer}, + editor = {Bobrowsky, Peter T.}, + year = {2013}, + note = {OCLC: ocn841584078}, +} + +@book{okrusch_mineralogie_2014, + address = {Berlin Heidelberg}, + edition = {9. Aufl}, + series = {Lehrbuch}, + title = {Mineralogie: eine {Einführung} in die spezielle {Mineralogie}, {Petrologie} und {Lagerstättenkunde}}, + isbn = {978-3-642-34659-0}, + shorttitle = {Mineralogie}, + language = {ger}, + publisher = {Springer Spektrum}, + author = {Okrusch, Martin and Matthes, Siegfried}, + year = {2014}, + doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-34660-6}, +} + +@book{press_presssiever_2017, + address = {Berlin Heidelberg}, + edition = {7. Auflage}, + title = {Press/{Siever} {Allgemeine} {Geologie}}, + isbn = {978-3-662-48342-8 978-3-662-48341-1}, + language = {ger}, + publisher = {Springer Spektrum}, + author = {Press, Frank and Grotzinger, John and Siever, Raymond and Jordan, Thomas}, + translator = {Schweizer, Volker}, + year = {2017}, + doi = {10.1007/978-3-662-48342-8}, +} + +@book{draxler_verfahrenstechnik_2014, + address = {Wiesbaden}, + title = {Verfahrenstechnik in {Beispielen}}, + isbn = {978-3-658-02739-1 978-3-658-02740-7}, + url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-658-02740-7}, + language = {de}, + urldate = {2021-03-12}, + publisher = {Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden}, + author = {Draxler, Josef and Siebenhofer, Matthäus}, + year = {2014}, + doi = {10.1007/978-3-658-02740-7}, + note = {ZSCC: 0000024 }, +} + +@book{glaser_physische_2010, + address = {Berlin, Heidelberg}, + title = {Physische {Geographie} kompakt}, + isbn = {978-3-662-50460-4}, + abstract = {Die Physische Geographie beschäftigt sich mit den naturwissenschaftlich geprägten Erscheinungen auf der Erde, insbesondere Boden, Relief, Wasser, Klima sowie Vegetation und Tierwelt. Diese Teilbereiche standen auch als Gliederungsprinzip für dieses Buches Pate. [...] Ohne dieses Grundwissen lassen sich Fragen des Klimawandels, der Biodiversität oder der Desertifikation nicht schlüssig beantworten. Geographie fördert insbesondere das dafür unabdingbare Systemverständnis. Die Betonung der Erde als System kommt besonders in den Darstellungen zu den Stoffkreisläufen zum Ausdruck. Eine zeitgemäße Physische Geographie muss aber auch den Mensch als prägenden Faktor der Umwelt einbeziehen. Geographie ist integrativ und folgt einem gesamtheitlichen Ansatz im Sinne der Mensch-Umwelt-Forschung. Um dieser Brückenstellung der Geographie zu entsprechen, sind auch Themenkreise wie Global Change sowie einige Umweltfragen in das Buch mit aufgenommen. Die Ausführungen [...] vermitteln [...] die klassischen Themenbereiche Geologie und Geomorphologie sowie Klima-, Hydro-, Vegetations- und Bodengeographie. Ergänzt werden sie durch die Betrachtung von verschiedenen integrativen Problemfeldern. Hierzu gehören naturräumliche Gliederungen und Stoffkreisläufe ebenso wie die Beschäftigung mit Fragen des Umweltschutzes oder des Globalen Wandels. Auch die für das Grundverständnis von Geographie wesentlichen Arbeitsmethoden wie Feld- und Labormethoden, GIS und Fernerkundung werden in einem eigenen Kapitel vorgestellt. Kurze Exkurse zu aktuellen Themen, Problemen und Fragestellungen runden diese Themen ab und unterstreichen die Stellung der Geographie als eine lebensnahe, problemorientierte Wissenschaft. Viele Fallbeispiele lenken den Fokus auf Mitteleuropa, ihr Bezug zum globalen Kontext wird jedoch aufgezeigt. (Orig.).}, + language = {ger}, + publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg}, + author = {Glaser, Rüdiger and Hauter, Christiane and Faust, Dominik and Glawion, Rainer and Saurer, Helmut and Schulte, Achim and Sudhaus, Dirk}, + year = {2010}, +} + +@book{strybny_ohne_nodate, + address = {Wiesbaden}, + title = {Ohne {Panik} {Strömungsmechanik}: {Ein} {Lernbuch} zur {Prüfungsvorbereitung}, zum {Auffrischen} und {Nachschlagen} mit {Cartoons} von {Oliver} {Romberg}}, + isbn = {978-3-8348-1791-4}, + shorttitle = {Ohne {Panik} {Strömungsmechanik}}, + language = {ger}, + publisher = {Vieweg+Teubner Verlag}, + author = {Strybny, Jann}, + doi = {10.1007/978-3-8348-8341-4}, + note = {ZSCC: NoCitationData[s0] }, +} + +@book{kohlstock_kartographie_2014, + address = {Paderborn}, + edition = {3., überarb. Aufl}, + series = {Grundriss allgemeine {Geographie}}, + title = {Kartographie: eine {Einführung}}, + isbn = {978-3-8252-4064-6}, + shorttitle = {Kartographie}, + language = {de}, + number = {2568}, + publisher = {Schöningh}, + author = {KOHLSTOCK, PETER}, + year = {2014}, +} + +@book{morgenschweis_hydrometrie_2010, + address = {Berlin [u.a.]}, + title = {Hydrometrie: {Theorie} und {Praxis} der {Durchflussmessung} in offenen {Gerinnen}}, + isbn = {978-3-642-05389-4}, + shorttitle = {Hydrometrie}, + url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-05390-0}, + abstract = {Gerd Morgenschweis., \$\$CAVEFUEMCHREM\$\$V}, + language = {ger}, + urldate = {2020-12-28}, + publisher = {Springer}, + author = {Morgenschweis, Gerd}, + year = {2010}, + note = {ZSCC: 0000044}, +} + +@book{maniak_hydrologie_2010, + address = {Braunschweig}, + title = {Hydrologie und {Wasserwirtschaft}: {Eine} {Einfuhrung} fur {Ingenieure}}, + isbn = {978-3-642-05395-5}, + shorttitle = {Hydrologie und {Wasserwirtschaft}}, + abstract = {Das erfolgreiche Fachbuch zur Einfuhrung in die Hydrologie und Wasserwirtschaft der Oberflachengewasser liegt nun in der 6. Auflage vor. Es ist aktualisiert, grundlich uberarbeitet und in den Bereichen Wassermenge und -gute sowie Gewasserschutz und Sanierungsmanahmen deutlich erweitert. Praxisnah werden die Messverfahren fr die wichtigsten Gren des Wasserkreislaufs sowie die Grundlagen der stochastischen und deterministischen Hydrologie behandelt. Die statistische Auswertung und Interpretation hydrologischer Daten wird durch zahlreiche Praxisbeispiele ebenso veranschaulicht wie Planung, Bau und Betrieb von Speicheranlagen. Damit ist die 6. Auflage ein unverzichtbares Arbeitsbuch, genau und aktuell auf die Praxis des Ingenieurs zugeschnitten.}, + language = {eng}, + publisher = {Springer}, + author = {Maniak, Ulrich}, + year = {2010}, + note = {ZSCC: NoCitationData[s0]}, +} + +@book{ulrich_gesteinskunde_2014, + address = {Berlin, Heidelberg}, + title = {Gesteinskunde}, + isbn = {978-3-642-41756-6 978-3-642-41757-3}, + url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-41757-3}, + language = {de}, + urldate = {2021-03-12}, + publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg}, + author = {Ulrich, Sebastian}, + year = {2014}, + doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-41757-3}, + note = {ZSCC: NoCitationData[s0] }, +} + +@book{blume_bodenkundliches_2011, + address = {Heidelberg}, + edition = {3., neubearb. Aufl.}, + title = {Bodenkundliches {Praktikum}: eine {Einführung} in pedologisches {Arbeiten} für Ökologen, insbesondere {Land}- und {Forstwirte}, und für {Geowissenschaftler}}, + isbn = {978-3-8274-1553-0}, + shorttitle = {Bodenkundliches {Praktikum}}, + url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8274-2733-5}, + abstract = {Hans-Peter Blume ; Karl Stahr ; Peter Leinweber., \$\$CAVEFUEMCHREM\$\$V}, + language = {ger}, + urldate = {2020-12-23}, + publisher = {Spektrum, AkadVerl}, + author = {Blume, Hans-Peter and Stahr, Karl and Leinweber, Peter}, + year = {2011}, + note = {ZSCC: NoCitationData[s0]}, +} + +@book{zech_boden_2014, + address = {Berlin [u.a.]}, + edition = {2. Aufl.}, + title = {Böden der {Welt} : ein {Bildatlas}}, + isbn = {978-3-642-36574-4}, + url = {https://primo.fu-berlin.de/FUB:FUB_ALMA_DS51957702520002883}, + language = {ger}, + publisher = {Spektrum, Akad. Verl.}, + author = {Zech, Wolfgang and Schad, Peter and Hintermaier-Erhard, Gerd}, + year = {2014}, + doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-36575-1}, + note = {ZSCC: 0000124 +Pages: 1 Online-Ressource.}, +} + +@book{dextre_cyclists_2013, + address = {Lima, Perù}, + title = {Cyclists \& cycling around the world: creating liveable \& bikeable cities}, + isbn = {978-612-4146-55-8}, + shorttitle = {Cyclists \& cycling around the world}, + language = {en}, + publisher = {Fondo Editorial de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perù}, + editor = {Dextre, Juan Carlos and Hughes, Mike and Bech, Lotte}, + year = {2013}, +} + +@article{kramer_fahrrad-nutzung_2019, + title = {Fahrrad-{Nutzung} in {Städten} - ein unterschätztes {Verkehrsmittel}. {Verkehrsmittelnutzung} im {Stadtverkehr} mit besonderem {Fokus} auf {Fahrräder}.}, + issn = {2366-7281}, + url = {https://orlis.difu.de/handle/difu/254778}, + abstract = {Die Diskussion um eine veränderte Mobilität in Städten ist derzeit geprägt durch Themen wie Dieselfahrverbote, Stau- und Luftqualitätsprobleme, Konzepte zur Attraktivitätssteigerung des ÖPNV sowie Shared Mobility-Angebote (Car-, Bike-, Scooter-, RideSharing etc.). Demgegenüber ist nach Ansicht der Verfasser die Nutzung des eigenen Fahrrads als Verkehrsmittel in der Stadt kein Top-Thema. Deren empirische Untersuchung belegt, dass ein großes Potenzial für den Ausbau der Fahrrad-Mobilität in Städten besteht. Während aktuell dem Ausbau von BikeSharing sehr viel mediale Aufmerksamkeit zukommt, sehen die Autoren die eigentlichen Chancen in der stärkeren Nutzung privater Fahrräder.}, + language = {ger}, + urldate = {2023-02-24}, + author = {Krämer, Andreas and Bongaerts, Robert}, + year = {2019}, + note = {Publisher: Trialog Publishers}, +} + +@article{pineda_transitioning_2014, + title = {Transitioning to a low carbon society? {The} case of personal transportation and urban form in {Copenhagen}: 1947 to the present}, + volume = {4}, + issn = {20454813}, + shorttitle = {Transitioning to a low carbon society?}, + url = {https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=20454813&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA397007476&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs}, + doi = {10.3167/TRANS.2014.040202}, + abstract = {{\textless}em{\textgreater}Gale{\textless}/em{\textgreater} Academic OneFile includes Transitioning to a low carbon society? The case of pers by Andres Felipe Valderrama Pineda and Nin. Click to explore.}, + language = {English}, + number = {2}, + urldate = {2023-02-24}, + journal = {Transfers}, + author = {Pineda, Andres Felipe Valderrama and Vogel, Nina}, + month = jun, + year = {2014}, + note = {Number: 2 +Publisher: Berghahn Books, Inc.}, + pages = {4--23}, +} + +@article{gossling_why_2020, + title = {Why cities need to take road space from cars - and how this could be done}, + volume = {25}, + issn = {1357-4809, 1469-9664}, + url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13574809.2020.1727318}, + doi = {10.1080/13574809.2020.1727318}, + abstract = {Cities need to become more liveable. Urban transport systems have great importance in achieving this goal. Currently, cities are dominated by individual motorized transport with associated problems of air pollution, congestion, noise and traffic injuries. This paper argues that the redistribution of space is key in achieving modal split change and the greening of urban environments. It holds that taking road space from cars is justified from social, health, environmental and economic viewpoints. Yet, any change in urban transport cultures has to consider the automobile, which has instrumental as well as symbolic and affective functions. City planners are advised never to argue against the car, and to frame change in ways that reduces resistance by drivers and automotive lobbies.}, + language = {en}, + number = {4}, + urldate = {2023-02-24}, + journal = {Journal of Urban Design}, + author = {Gössling, Stefan}, + month = jul, + year = {2020}, + note = {Number: 4}, + pages = {443--448}, +} + +@article{koglin_marginalisation_2014, + title = {The marginalisation of bicycling in {Modernist} urban transport planning}, + volume = {1}, + issn = {22141405}, + url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2214140514000747}, + doi = {10.1016/j.jth.2014.09.006}, + language = {en}, + number = {4}, + urldate = {2023-02-26}, + journal = {Journal of Transport \& Health}, + author = {Koglin, Till and Rye, Tom}, + month = dec, + year = {2014}, + note = {Number: 4}, + pages = {214--222}, +} + +@article{pucher_making_2008, + title = {Making {Cycling} {Irresistible}: {Lessons} from {The} {Netherlands}, {Denmark} and {Germany}}, + volume = {28}, + issn = {0144-1647}, + shorttitle = {Making {Cycling} {Irresistible}}, + url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/01441640701806612}, + doi = {10.1080/01441640701806612}, + abstract = {This article shows how the Netherlands, Denmark and Germany have made bicycling a safe, convenient and practical way to get around their cities. The analysis relies on national aggregate data as well as case studies of large and small cities in each country. The key to achieving high levels of cycling appears to be the provision of separate cycling facilities along heavily travelled roads and at intersections, combined with traffic calming of most residential neighbourhoods. Extensive cycling rights of way in the Netherlands, Denmark and Germany are complemented by ample bike parking, full integration with public transport, comprehensive traffic education and training of both cyclists and motorists, and a wide range of promotional events intended to generate enthusiasm and wide public support for cycling. In addition to their many pro‐bike policies and programmes, the Netherlands, Denmark and Germany make driving expensive as well as inconvenient in central cities through a host of taxes and restrictions on car ownership, use and parking. Moreover, strict land‐use policies foster compact, mixed‐use developments that generate shorter and thus more bikeable trips. It is the coordinated implementation of this multi‐faceted, mutually reinforcing set of policies that best explains the success of these three countries in promoting cycling. For comparison, the article portrays the marginal status of cycling in the UK and the USA, where only about 1\% of trips are by bike.}, + number = {4}, + urldate = {2023-02-25}, + journal = {Transport Reviews}, + author = {Pucher, John and Buehler, Ralph}, + month = jul, + year = {2008}, + note = {Number: 4 +Publisher: Routledge +\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/01441640701806612}, + pages = {495--528}, +} + +@article{colomb_pushing_2012, + title = {{PUSHING} {THE} {URBAN} {FRONTIER}: {TEMPORARY} {USES} {OF} {SPACE}, {CITY} {MARKETING}, {AND} {THE} {CREATIVE} {CITY} {DISCOURSE} {IN} 2000s {BERLIN}}, + volume = {34}, + issn = {1467-9906}, + shorttitle = {{PUSHING} {THE} {URBAN} {FRONTIER}}, + url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-9906.2012.00607.x}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1467-9906.2012.00607.x}, + abstract = {ABSTRACT: In spite of the amount of urban development that followed the Fall of the Wall, Berlin's urban landscape has remained filled with a large amount of “voids” and disused sites, which have gradually been occupied by various individuals, groups, or entrepreneurs for “temporary” or “interim” uses (such as urban beach bars). This paper analyzes how, and why, such temporary uses of space have been harnessed in recent economic and urban development policies and in the official city marketing discourse in Berlin post-2000, in the context of the discursive and policy shift toward the promotion of Berlin as a “creative city.” The gradual process of enlistment of new forms of cultural and social expression by policy-makers and real estate developers for urban development and place marketing purposes has put pressure on the very existence and experimental nature of “temporary uses” and “interim spaces.” These have consequently been going through various trajectories of displacement, transformation, commodification, resistance, or disappearance, and in particular cases have become the focus of intense local conflicts.}, + language = {en}, + number = {2}, + urldate = {2023-02-26}, + journal = {Journal of Urban Affairs}, + author = {Colomb, Claire}, + year = {2012}, + note = {Number: 2 +\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1467-9906.2012.00607.x}, + pages = {131--152}, +} + +@article{pucher_at_2007, + title = {At the frontiers of cycling. {Policy} innovations in the {Netherlands}, {Denmark}, and {Germany}.}, + url = {https://orlis.difu.de/handle/difu/126085}, + abstract = {This article presents six detailed case studies of cycling in the Netherlands (Amsterdam and Groningen), Denmark (Copenhagen and Odense), and Germany (Berlin and Muenster). Except for Berlin, they represent the very best in coordinated policies and programs to make cycling safe, convenient, and attractive. Not only are cycling levels extraordinarily high in these cities, but virtually everyone cycles: women as well as men, the old and the young, the rich and the poor. Moreover, they cycle for a wide range of daily, practical trips purposes and not mainly for recreation. Berlin is a special case. It does not even approach the five other cities in their cycling orientation. Nevertheless, its recent measures to encourage cycling have achieved an impressive bike share of trips for such a large city, higher than any other European city of that size. Thus, all six of the bicycling case study cities examined in this article truly are at the frontiers of cycling. They have many lessons to offer other cities in the Western World about the best ways to encourage more cycling. difu}, + language = {eng}, + urldate = {2023-02-26}, + author = {Pucher, John and Buehler, Ralph}, + year = {2007}, +} + +@article{king_sociology_2001, + title = {Sociology {Beyond} {Societies}}, + volume = {28}, + issn = {01607383}, + url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0160738300000426}, + doi = {10.1016/S0160-7383(00)00042-6}, + language = {en}, + number = {2}, + urldate = {2023-03-02}, + journal = {Annals of Tourism Research}, + author = {King, Brian E.M.}, + month = jan, + year = {2001}, + note = {Number: 2}, + pages = {531--534}, +} + +@article{sheldrick_policy_2017, + title = {Policy learning and sustainable urban transitions: {Mobilising} {Berlin}’s cycling renaissance}, + volume = {54}, + issn = {0042-0980}, + shorttitle = {Policy learning and sustainable urban transitions}, + url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098016653889}, + doi = {10.1177/0042098016653889}, + abstract = {Cities are increasingly seeking to learn from experiences elsewhere when planning programmes of sustainable transition management, and the contingencies of policy-learning arrangements in this field are beginning to receive greater attention. This paper applies insights from the field of policy mobilities to the burgeoning field of transition management to critically explore a proposed ?learning relationship? between Berlin (Germany) and Manchester (UK) around cycling policy. Drawing on qualitative data, the paper casts doubt over the existing consensus attributing recent growth in bicycle use in Berlin to concerted governmental interventions. A multi-actor analysis suggests that contextual factors caused the growth in cycling and that policy has been largely reactive. The emergence and circulation of the Berlin cycling renaissance as a policy model is then traced through policy documents and interviews with actors in Manchester, UK, to understand why and how it has become a model for action elsewhere. It is concluded that Berlin?s cycling renaissance has been simplified and mobilised to demonstrate the requisite ambition and proficiency to secure competitive funds for sustainable urban transport. The paper develops an original study of the role policy knowledge and learning play in sustainable urban transition management, and argues that attending to the dynamics of policy learning can enhance our understanding of its successes and failures.}, + number = {12}, + urldate = {2023-02-25}, + journal = {Urban Studies}, + author = {Sheldrick, Alistair and Evans, James and Schliwa, Gabriele}, + month = sep, + year = {2017}, + note = {Number: 12 +Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd}, + pages = {2739--2762}, +} + +@article{currie_exploring_2018, + title = {Exploring links between the sustainability performance of urban public transport and land use in international cities}, + volume = {11}, + issn = {1938-7849}, + url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/26622406}, + abstract = {Sustainability is a major driver of world policy for cities, and public transport is said to be a more sustainable mode of travel than other modes. But how do public transport (PT) systems in different cities compare to each other? This paper measures the relative sustainability of public transport systems between cities rather than between modes within cities. However, its primary focus is to explore the extent to which public transport sustainability is influenced by land use. Do cities with low-density land use automatically have poor sustainability performance? Do high-density megacities always have good sustainability performance relative to other cities? Does land use mean some cities cannot improve sustainability performance? These are some of the questions this research seeks to explore through an empirical study of land use and PT sustainability metrics using correlation/cross sectional and regression analyses. Results suggest that westernized, developed countries (Western Europe, North America, and Oceania) have good environmental and social sustainability performance but poor service effectiveness and economic performance. Asia and Latin America perform the other way around, better on economic and service effectiveness and worse on social and economic performance. Eastern Europe is the one region with higher sustainability performance all around. Prague, Dakar and Tokyo are at the top of 98 cities studied, while Dubai, Shizuoka (Japan), Denver, and Johannesburg perform the worst. Land-use results show that population and job density present the highest correlation with PT sustainability metrics, implying that about a third of overall sustainability performance of public transport in cities might be explained by land use. Higher-density land use improves sustainability performance. A wider range of land-use indicators is more strongly correlated with the service effectiveness categories of sustainability indicators and to less strongly correlated with the economic sustainability indicators, suggesting that Western cities with poor service effectiveness and economic sustainability performance should densify cities to address sustainability challenges. Policy implications and areas for future research are explored.}, + number = {1}, + urldate = {2023-02-26}, + journal = {Journal of Transport and Land Use}, + author = {Currie, Graham and De Gruyter, Chris}, + year = {2018}, + note = {Number: 1 +Publisher: Journal of Transport and Land Use}, + pages = {325--342}, +} + +@article{becker_pop-up_2022, + title = {Pop-up cycling infrastructure as a niche innovation for sustainable transportation in {European} cities: {An} inter- and transdisciplinary case study of {Berlin}}, + volume = {87}, + issn = {22106707}, + shorttitle = {Pop-up cycling infrastructure as a niche innovation for sustainable transportation in {European} cities}, + url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2210670722004814}, + doi = {10.1016/j.scs.2022.104168}, + abstract = {Mobility behavior changes due to the COVID-19 pandemic have opened a window of opportunity for an accelerated transition towards sustainable mobility. Many European cities installed temporary cycling infra­ structure which can be considered a niche innovation in the Multi-Level-Perspective of transitions (Geels, 2002). We empirically assess the effects of such temporary infrastructure in terms of air quality, behaviour, and acceptance, with a focus on the city of Berlin, Germany. The numerous pop-up bike lanes installed serve as an inter- and transdisciplinary case study to systematically capture these effects. We conducted a survey among Berlin citizens (n= 1,661), analysed cycling usage data, and measured the exposure of cyclists to air quality before and after the implementation of one pop-up bike lane during the first wave of COVID-19. Results show that pop-up bike lanes receive high levels of acceptance, increase cycling usage on the respective street, and reduce cyclists’ exposure to nitrogen dioxide. Their implementation fosters an innovative mind-set of transport planning: to temporarily try out new street designs, learn from these practical experiences, improve the designs, and then permanently implement the ones best proven in practice. We conclude that PUBL can accelerate the regime shift from car-oriented to bicycle-friendly cities because of its many demonstrated positive impacts.}, + language = {en}, + urldate = {2023-02-24}, + journal = {Sustainable Cities and Society}, + author = {Becker, Sophia and von Schneidemesser, Dirk and Caseiro, Alexandre and Götting, Katharina and Schmitz, Seán and von Schneidemesser, Erika}, + month = dec, + year = {2022}, + pages = {104168}, +} + +@incollection{thenkabail_spectral_2016, + edition = {0}, + title = {Spectral and {Spatial} {Methods} of {Hyperspectral} {Image} {Analysis} for {Estimation} of {Biophysical} and {Biochemical} {Properties} of {Agricultural} {Crops}}, + isbn = {978-0-429-19218-0}, + url = {https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781439845387/chapters/10.1201/b11222-20}, + language = {en}, + urldate = {2022-09-18}, + booktitle = {Hyperspectral {Remote} {Sensing} of {Vegetation}}, + publisher = {CRC Press}, + editor = {Thenkabail, Prasad S. and Lyon, John G.}, + month = apr, + year = {2016}, + doi = {10.1201/b11222-20}, + pages = {325--344}, +} + +@book{jensen_remote_2014, + address = {Harlow}, + edition = {Second edition [exclusive edition only for the benefit of students outside the United States and Canada]}, + title = {Remote sensing of the environment: an earth resource perspective}, + isbn = {978-1-292-02170-6}, + shorttitle = {Remote sensing of the environment}, + language = {en}, + publisher = {Pearson}, + author = {Jensen, John R.}, + year = {2014}, + note = {619 S.}, +} + +@article{stern_use_2014, + title = {The use of imaging and non-imaging {Spectroscopy} for the determination of stress phenomena of beech trees}, + volume = {2014}, + issn = {1432-8364}, + url = {http://www.schweizerbart.de/papers/pfg/detail/2014/82435/Abbildende_und_nichtabbildende_Gelandespektrometri?af=crossref}, + doi = {10.1127/1432-8364/2014/0207}, + abstract = {The use of imaging and non-imaging Spectroscopy for the determination of stress phenomena of beech trees. Regarding the predicted climate change, extreme weather events, like heat waves and drought episodes, will be more frequent and thus their impact on forest ecosystems is expected to be stronger. In this context, sustainable forest management and monitoring strategies have to be adapted for saving the multifunctional role of forests. The retrieval of biophysical and biological parameters from remote sensing hyperspectral imagery is a substantial issue for the accurate assessment of forest decline. In this study, we tested the potential of high resolution imaging and non-imaging spectroscopy data for detecting biochemical vegetation parameters during an induced drought stress. For this we implemented a controlled drying-experiment on the European Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) during two field campaigns in 2011 and 2012. The assessment of image data, spectral signatures and the derived vegetation indices give conclusions about the plant physiological conditions. The analysis includes the abilities of the chosen vegetation indices concerning drought analysis and their sensitivity towards changes in chlorophyll and water contents.}, + language = {de}, + number = {1}, + urldate = {2022-09-14}, + journal = {Photogrammetrie - Fernerkundung - Geoinformation}, + author = {Stern, Oksana and Paschmionka, Barbara and Stoffels, Johannes and Buddenbaum, Henning and Hill, Joachim}, + month = feb, + year = {2014}, + note = {10 S.}, + pages = {17--26}, +} + +@article{skidmore_priority_2021, + title = {Priority list of biodiversity metrics to observe from space}, + volume = {5}, + copyright = {2021 Springer Nature Limited}, + issn = {2397-334X}, + url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-021-01451-x}, + doi = {10.1038/s41559-021-01451-x}, + abstract = {Monitoring global biodiversity from space through remotely sensing geospatial patterns has high potential to add to our knowledge acquired by field observation. Although a framework of essential biodiversity variables (EBVs) is emerging for monitoring biodiversity, its poor alignment with remote sensing products hinders interpolation between field observations. This study compiles a comprehensive, prioritized list of remote sensing biodiversity products that can further improve the monitoring of geospatial biodiversity patterns, enhancing the EBV framework and its applicability. The ecosystem structure and ecosystem function EBV classes, which capture the biological effects of disturbance as well as habitat structure, are shown by an expert review process to be the most relevant, feasible, accurate and mature for direct monitoring of biodiversity from satellites. Biodiversity products that require satellite remote sensing of a finer resolution that is still under development are given lower priority (for example, for the EBV class species traits). Some EBVs are not directly measurable by remote sensing from space, specifically the EBV class genetic composition. Linking remote sensing products to EBVs will accelerate product generation, improving reporting on the state of biodiversity from local to global scales.}, + language = {en}, + number = {7}, + urldate = {2022-09-18}, + journal = {Nature Ecology \& Evolution}, + author = {Skidmore, Andrew K. and Coops, Nicholas C. and Neinavaz, Elnaz and Ali, Abebe and Schaepman, Michael E. and Paganini, Marc and Kissling, W. Daniel and Vihervaara, Petteri and Darvishzadeh, Roshanak and Feilhauer, Hannes and Fernandez, Miguel and Fernández, Néstor and Gorelick, Noel and Geijzendorffer, Ilse and Heiden, Uta and Heurich, Marco and Hobern, Donald and Holzwarth, Stefanie and Muller-Karger, Frank E. and Van De Kerchove, Ruben and Lausch, Angela and Leitão, Pedro J. and Lock, Marcelle C. and Mücher, Caspar A. and O’Connor, Brian and Rocchini, Duccio and Roeoesli, Claudia and Turner, Woody and Vis, Jan Kees and Wang, Tiejun and Wegmann, Martin and Wingate, Vladimir}, + month = jul, + year = {2021}, + note = {Number: 7 +Publisher: Nature Publishing Group}, + pages = {896--906}, +} + +@article{suarez_modelling_2009, + title = {Modelling {PRI} for water stress detection using radiative transfer models}, + volume = {113}, + issn = {0034-4257}, + url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0034425708003593}, + doi = {10.1016/j.rse.2008.12.001}, + abstract = {This paper presents a methodology for water stress detection in crop canopies using a radiative transfer modelling approach and the Photochemical Reflectance Index (PRI). Airborne imagery was acquired with a 6-band multispectral camera yielding 15 cm spatial resolution and 10 nm FWHM over 3 crops comprising two tree-structured orchards and a corn field. The methodology is based on the PRI as a water stress indicator, and a radiative transfer modelling approach to simulate PRI baselines for non-stress conditions as a function of leaf structure, chlorophyll concentration (Cab), and canopy leaf area index (LAI). The simulation work demonstrates that canopy PRI is affected by structural parameters such as LAI, Cab, leaf structure, background effects, viewing angle and sun position. The modelling work accounts for such leaf biochemical and canopy structural inputs to simulate the PRI-based water stress thresholds for non-stress conditions. Water stress levels are quantified by comparing the image-derived PRI and the simulated non-stress PRI (sPRI) obtained through radiative transfer. PRI simulation was conducted using the coupled PROSPECT-SAILH models for the corn field, and the PROSPECT leaf model coupled with FLIGHT 3D radiative transfer model for the olive and peach orchards. Results obtained confirm that PRI is a pre-visual indicator of water stress, yielding good relationships for the three crops studied with canopy temperature, an indicator of stomatal conductance (r2=0.65 for olive, r2=0.8 for peach, and r2=0.72 for maize). PRI values of deficit irrigation treatments in olive and peach were consistently higher than the modelled PRI for the study sites, yielding relationships with water potential (r2=0.84) that enabled the identification of stressed crowns accounting for within-field LAI and Cab variability. The methodology presented here for water stress detection is based on the visible part of the spectrum, and therefore it has important implications for remote sensing applications in agriculture. This method may be a better alternative to using the thermal region, which has limitations to acquire operationally high spatial resolution thermal imagery.}, + language = {en}, + number = {4}, + urldate = {2022-09-14}, + journal = {Remote Sensing of Environment}, + author = {Suárez, L. and Zarco-Tejada, P. J. and Berni, J. A. J. and González-Dugo, V. and Fereres, E.}, + month = apr, + year = {2009}, + note = {15 S.}, + pages = {730--744}, +} + +@article{furbank_phenomics_2011, + title = {Phenomics – technologies to relieve the phenotyping bottleneck}, + volume = {16}, + issn = {1360-1385}, + url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1360138511002093}, + doi = {10.1016/j.tplants.2011.09.005}, + abstract = {Global agriculture is facing major challenges to ensure global food security, such as the need to breed high-yielding crops adapted to future climates and the identification of dedicated feedstock crops for biofuel production (biofuel feedstocks). Plant phenomics offers a suite of new technologies to accelerate progress in understanding gene function and environmental responses. This will enable breeders to develop new agricultural germplasm to support future agricultural production. In this review we present plant physiology in an ‘omics’ perspective, review some of the new high-throughput and high-resolution phenotyping tools and discuss their application to plant biology, functional genomics and crop breeding.}, + language = {en}, + number = {12}, + urldate = {2022-09-17}, + journal = {Trends in Plant Science}, + author = {Furbank, Robert T. and Tester, Mark}, + month = dec, + year = {2011}, + note = {10 S.}, + pages = {635--644}, +} + +@article{hill_mediterranean_2008, + title = {Mediterranean desertification and land degradation}, + volume = {64}, + issn = {09218181}, + url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0921818108001252}, + doi = {10.1016/j.gloplacha.2008.10.005}, + abstract = {In past decades, the European Mediterranean has undergone widespread land use transformations. These are largely driven by changes of socio-economic conditions, such as accession to the European Community, and had strong effects on the way the land is being used. Aiming at a systematic description of such change processes on a global level, the syndrome concept was proposed to describe archetypical, co-evolutionary patterns of human–nature interactions, and has been specifically linked to the desertification issue.}, + language = {en}, + number = {3-4}, + urldate = {2022-09-11}, + journal = {Global and Planetary Change}, + author = {Hill, J. and Stellmes, M. and Udelhoven, Th. and Röder, A. and Sommer, S.}, + month = dec, + year = {2008}, + note = {12 S.}, + pages = {146--157}, +} + +@article{stellmes_mapping_2013, + title = {Mapping syndromes of land change in {Spain} with remote sensing time series, demographic and climatic data}, + volume = {30}, + issn = {02648377}, + url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0264837712000920}, + doi = {10.1016/j.landusepol.2012.05.007}, + language = {en}, + number = {1}, + urldate = {2022-09-11}, + journal = {Land Use Policy}, + author = {Stellmes, M. and Röder, A. and Udelhoven, T. and Hill, J.}, + month = jan, + year = {2013}, + note = {18 S.}, + pages = {685--702}, +} + +@article{hernandez-clemente_early_2019, + title = {Early {Diagnosis} of {Vegetation} {Health} {From} {High}-{Resolution} {Hyperspectral} and {Thermal} {Imagery}: {Lessons} {Learned} {From} {Empirical} {Relationships} and {Radiative} {Transfer} {Modelling}}, + volume = {5}, + issn = {2198-6436}, + shorttitle = {Early {Diagnosis} of {Vegetation} {Health} {From} {High}-{Resolution} {Hyperspectral} and {Thermal} {Imagery}}, + url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s40725-019-00096-1}, + doi = {10.1007/s40725-019-00096-1}, + abstract = {We provide a comprehensive review of the empirical and modelling approaches used to quantify the radiation–vegetation interactions related to vegetation temperature, leaf optical properties linked to pigment absorption and chlorophyll fluorescence emission, and of their capability to monitor vegetation health. Part 1 provides an overview of the main physiological indicators (PIs) applied in remote sensing to detect alterations in plant functioning linked to vegetation diseases and decline processes. Part 2 reviews the recent advances in the development of quantitative methods to assess PI through hyperspectral and thermal images.}, + language = {en}, + number = {3}, + urldate = {2022-09-14}, + journal = {Current Forestry Reports}, + author = {Hernández-Clemente, R. and Hornero, A. and Mottus, M. and Penuelas, J. and González-Dugo, V. and Jiménez, J. C. and Suárez, L. and Alonso, L. and Zarco-Tejada, P. J.}, + month = sep, + year = {2019}, + note = {14 S.}, + pages = {169--183}, +} + +@article{rumpf_early_2010, + title = {Early detection and classification of plant diseases with {Support} {Vector} {Machines} based on hyperspectral reflectance}, + volume = {74}, + issn = {0168-1699}, + url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168169910001262}, + doi = {10.1016/j.compag.2010.06.009}, + abstract = {Automatic methods for an early detection of plant diseases are vital for precision crop protection. The main contribution of this paper is a procedure for the early detection and differentiation of sugar beet diseases based on Support Vector Machines and spectral vegetation indices. The aim was (I) to discriminate diseased from non-diseased sugar beet leaves, (II) to differentiate between the diseases Cercospora leaf spot, leaf rust and powdery mildew, and (III) to identify diseases even before specific symptoms became visible. Hyperspectral data were recorded from healthy leaves and leaves inoculated with the pathogens Cercospora beticola, Uromyces betae or Erysiphe betae causing Cercospora leaf spot, sugar beet rust and powdery mildew, respectively for a period of 21 days after inoculation. Nine spectral vegetation indices, related to physiological parameters were used as features for an automatic classification. Early differentiation between healthy and inoculated plants as well as among specific diseases can be achieved by a Support Vector Machine with a radial basis function as kernel. The discrimination between healthy sugar beet leaves and diseased leaves resulted in classification accuracies up to 97\%. The multiple classification between healthy leaves and leaves with symptoms of the three diseases still achieved an accuracy higher than 86\%. Furthermore the potential of presymptomatic detection of the plant diseases was demonstrated. Depending on the type and stage of disease the classification accuracy was between 65\% and 90\%.}, + language = {en}, + number = {1}, + urldate = {2022-09-17}, + journal = {Computers and Electronics in Agriculture}, + author = {Rumpf, T. and Mahlein, A. -K. and Steiner, U. and Oerke, E. -C. and Dehne, H. -W. and Plümer, L.}, + month = oct, + year = {2010}, + note = {9 S.}, + pages = {91--99}, +} + +@article{behmann_detection_2014, + title = {Detection of early plant stress responses in hyperspectral images}, + volume = {93}, + issn = {0924-2716}, + url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S092427161400094X}, + doi = {10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2014.03.016}, + abstract = {Early stress detection in crop plants is highly relevant, but hard to achieve. We hypothesize that close range hyperspectral imaging is able to uncover stress related processes non-destructively in the early stages which are invisible to the human eye. We propose an approach which combines unsupervised and supervised methods in order to identify several stages of progressive stress development from series of hyperspectral images. Stress of an entire plant is detected by stress response levels at pixel scale. The focus is on drought stress in barley (Hordeum vulgare). Unsupervised learning is used to separate hyperspectral signatures into clusters related to different stages of stress response and progressive senescence. Whereas all such signatures may be found in both, well watered and drought stressed plants, their respective distributions differ. Ordinal classification with Support Vector Machines (SVM) is used to quantify and visualize the distribution of progressive stages of senescence and to separate well watered from drought stressed plants. For each senescence stage a distinctive set of most relevant Vegetation Indices (VIs) is identified. The method has been applied on two experiments involving potted barley plants under well watered and drought stress conditions in a greenhouse. Drought stress is detected up to ten days earlier than using NDVI. Furthermore, it is shown that some VIs have overall relevance, while others are specific to particular senescence stages. The transferability of the method to the field is illustrated by an experiment on maize (Zea mays).}, + language = {en}, + urldate = {2022-09-17}, + journal = {ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing}, + author = {Behmann, Jan and Steinrücken, Jörg and Plümer, Lutz}, + month = jul, + year = {2014}, + note = {14 S.}, + pages = {98--111}, +} + +@article{behmann_review_2015, + title = {A review of advanced machine learning methods for the detection of biotic stress in precision crop protection}, + volume = {16}, + issn = {1573-1618}, + url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119-014-9372-7}, + doi = {10.1007/s11119-014-9372-7}, + abstract = {Effective crop protection requires early and accurate detection of biotic stress. In recent years, remarkable results have been achieved in the early detection of weeds, plant diseases and insect pests in crops. These achievements are related both to the development of non-invasive, high resolution optical sensors and data analysis methods that are able to cope with the resolution, size and complexity of the signals from these sensors. Several methods of machine learning have been utilized for precision agriculture such as support vector machines and neural networks for classification (supervised learning); k-means and self-organizing maps for clustering (unsupervised learning). These methods are able to calculate both linear and non-linear models, require few statistical assumptions and adapt flexibly to a wide range of data characteristics. Successful applications include the early detection of plant diseases based on spectral features and weed detection based on shape descriptors with supervised or unsupervised learning methods. This review gives a short introduction into machine learning, analyses its potential for precision crop protection and provides an overview of instructive examples from different fields of precision agriculture.}, + language = {en}, + number = {3}, + urldate = {2022-09-17}, + journal = {Precision Agriculture}, + author = {Behmann, Jan and Mahlein, Anne-Katrin and Rumpf, Till and Römer, Christoph and Plümer, Lutz}, + month = jun, + year = {2015}, + note = {22 S.}, + pages = {239--260}, +} + +@article{allen_global_2010, + series = {Adaptation of {Forests} and {Forest} {Management} to {Changing} {Climate}}, + title = {A global overview of drought and heat-induced tree mortality reveals emerging climate change risks for forests}, + volume = {259}, + issn = {0378-1127}, + url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S037811270900615X}, + doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2009.09.001}, + abstract = {Greenhouse gas emissions have significantly altered global climate, and will continue to do so in the future. Increases in the frequency, duration, and/or severity of drought and heat stress associated with climate change could fundamentally alter the composition, structure, and biogeography of forests in many regions. Of particular concern are potential increases in tree mortality associated with climate-induced physiological stress and interactions with other climate-mediated processes such as insect outbreaks and wildfire. Despite this risk, existing projections of tree mortality are based on models that lack functionally realistic mortality mechanisms, and there has been no attempt to track observations of climate-driven tree mortality globally. Here we present the first global assessment of recent tree mortality attributed to drought and heat stress. Although episodic mortality occurs in the absence of climate change, studies compiled here suggest that at least some of the world's forested ecosystems already may be responding to climate change and raise concern that forests may become increasingly vulnerable to higher background tree mortality rates and die-off in response to future warming and drought, even in environments that are not normally considered water-limited. This further suggests risks to ecosystem services, including the loss of sequestered forest carbon and associated atmospheric feedbacks. Our review also identifies key information gaps and scientific uncertainties that currently hinder our ability to predict tree mortality in response to climate change and emphasizes the need for a globally coordinated observation system. Overall, our review reveals the potential for amplified tree mortality due to drought and heat in forests worldwide.}, + language = {en}, + number = {4}, + urldate = {2022-09-17}, + journal = {Forest Ecology and Management}, + author = {Allen, Craig D. and Macalady, Alison K. and Chenchouni, Haroun and Bachelet, Dominique and McDowell, Nate and Vennetier, Michel and Kitzberger, Thomas and Rigling, Andreas and Breshears, David D. and Hogg, E. H. (Ted) and Gonzalez, Patrick and Fensham, Rod and Zhang, Zhen and Castro, Jorge and Demidova, Natalia and Lim, Jong-Hwan and Allard, Gillian and Running, Steven W. and Semerci, Akkin and Cobb, Neil}, + month = feb, + year = {2010}, + note = {35 S.}, + pages = {660--684}, +} + +@book{harten_physik_2021, + address = {Berlin, Heidelberg}, + title = {Physik: {Eine} {Einführung} für {Ingenieure} und {Naturwissenschaftler}}, + isbn = {978-3-662-61697-0 978-3-662-61698-7}, + shorttitle = {Physik}, + url = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-662-61698-7}, + language = {de}, + urldate = {2023-09-30}, + publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg}, + author = {Harten, Ulrich}, + year = {2021}, + doi = {10.1007/978-3-662-61698-7}, +} + +@book{tipler_physik_2015, + address = {Berlin, Heidelberg}, + title = {Physik: für {Wissenschaftler} und {Ingenieure}}, + isbn = {978-3-642-54165-0 978-3-642-54166-7}, + shorttitle = {Physik}, + url = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-54166-7}, + language = {de}, + urldate = {2023-09-30}, + publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg}, + author = {Tipler, Paul A. and Mosca, Gene}, + editor = {Wagner, Jenny}, + year = {2015}, + doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-54166-7}, +} + +@book{kindler_wissenschaftlich_2019, + address = {Wiesbaden}, + series = {essentials}, + title = {Wissenschaftlich {Arbeiten} in {Geographie} und {Raumwissenschaften}: {Ein} Überblick}, + isbn = {978-3-658-25630-2 978-3-658-25631-9}, + shorttitle = {Wissenschaftlich {Arbeiten} in {Geographie} und {Raumwissenschaften}}, + url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-658-25631-9}, + language = {de}, + urldate = {2023-09-30}, + publisher = {Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden}, + author = {Kindler, Hannah and Weber, Florian and Kühne, Olaf and Halder, Gerhard}, + year = {2019}, + doi = {10.1007/978-3-658-25631-9}, +} + +@book{patt_naturnaher_2011, + address = {Berlin, Heidelberg}, + title = {Naturnaher {Wasserbau}}, + isbn = {978-3-642-12170-8 978-3-642-12171-5}, + url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-12171-5}, + language = {de}, + urldate = {2023-09-30}, + publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg}, + author = {Patt, Heinz and Jürging, Peter and Kraus, Werner}, + year = {2011}, + doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-12171-5}, +} + +@article{blaschke_object_2010, + title = {Object based image analysis for remote sensing}, + volume = {65}, + issn = {0924-2716}, + url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924271609000884}, + doi = {10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2009.06.004}, + abstract = {Remote sensing imagery needs to be converted into tangible information which can be utilised in conjunction with other data sets, often within widely used Geographic Information Systems (GIS). As long as pixel sizes remained typically coarser than, or at the best, similar in size to the objects of interest, emphasis was placed on per-pixel analysis, or even sub-pixel analysis for this conversion, but with increasing spatial resolutions alternative paths have been followed, aimed at deriving objects that are made up of several pixels. This paper gives an overview of the development of object based methods, which aim to delineate readily usable objects from imagery while at the same time combining image processing and GIS functionalities in order to utilize spectral and contextual information in an integrative way. The most common approach used for building objects is image segmentation, which dates back to the 1970s. Around the year 2000 GIS and image processing started to grow together rapidly through object based image analysis (OBIA - or GEOBIA for geospatial object based image analysis). In contrast to typical Landsat resolutions, high resolution images support several scales within their images. Through a comprehensive literature review several thousand abstracts have been screened, and more than 820 OBIA-related articles comprising 145 journal papers, 84 book chapters and nearly 600 conference papers, are analysed in detail. It becomes evident that the first years of the OBIA/GEOBIA developments were characterised by the dominance of ‘grey’ literature, but that the number of peer-reviewed journal articles has increased sharply over the last four to five years. The pixel paradigm is beginning to show cracks and the OBIA methods are making considerable progress towards a spatially explicit information extraction workflow, such as is required for spatial planning as well as for many monitoring programmes.}, + language = {en}, + number = {1}, + urldate = {2021-06-25}, + journal = {ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing}, + author = {Blaschke, T.}, + month = jan, + year = {2010}, + note = {Number: 1}, +} + +@article{noauthor_referat_2014, + title = {Referat: {Dürreperioden} {Kalifornien}}, + language = {de}, + year = {2014}, +} + +@article{gottlebe_durreperioden_nodate, + title = {Dürreperioden und {Anpassungsstrategien}}, + language = {de}, + author = {Gottlebe, Joaquin}, +} + +@article{gottlebe_bericht_nodate, + title = {Bericht zum {Geländepraktikum} – {Teilbereich} {Profilgrube}}, + language = {de}, + author = {Gottlebe, Joaquin}, +} + +@article{gottlebe_bericht_nodate-1, + title = {Bericht zum {Geländepraktikum} – {Teilbereich} {Geomorphologische} {Kartierung}}, + language = {de}, + author = {Gottlebe, Joaquin}, +} + +@article{gottlebe_bericht_nodate-2, + title = {Bericht zum {Geländepraktikum} – {Teilbereich} {Hydrometrie}}, + language = {de}, + author = {Gottlebe, Joaquin}, +} + +@article{gottlebe_bericht_nodate-3, + title = {Bericht zum {Geländepraktikum} – {Teilbereich} {GSGK}}, + language = {de}, + author = {Gottlebe, Joaquin}, +} + +@article{gottlebe_abholzung_nodate, + title = {Abholzung in {Finnland} - {Schriftliche} {Ausarbeitung}}, + language = {de}, + author = {Gottlebe, Joaquin}, +} + +@misc{noauthor_poster_finalpdf_nodate, + title = {poster\_final.pdf}, +} + +@misc{noauthor_np_gr7_gls_serikova_gottlebepdf_nodate, + title = {{NP}\_Gr7\_GLS\_Serikova\_Gottlebe.pdf}, +} + +@misc{noauthor_np_gr7_spl_serikova_ertekin_gottlebe_korrigiertpdf_nodate, + title = {{NP}\_Gr7\_SPL\_Serikova\_Ertekin\_Gottlebe\_Korrigiert.pdf}, +} + +@misc{noauthor_np_gr7_spl_serikova_ertekin_gottlebe_uberarbeitetpdf_nodate, + title = {{NP}\_Gr7\_SPL\_Serikova\_Ertekin\_Gottlebe\_{Überarbeitet}.pdf}, +} + +@misc{noauthor_partizipation_nodate, + title = {Partizipation als {Methode} am {Beispiel} {Stadtmuseum} {Berlin}.pdf}, +} + +@article{mootz_dinara_nodate, + title = {Dinara {Serikova}, {Eda} {Ertekin}, {Joaquin} {Gottlebe}}, + language = {de}, + author = {Mootz, Levin}, +} + +@misc{gottlebe_dust-bowl-syndrome_nodate, + title = {Dust-{Bowl}-{Syndrome}}, + language = {de}, + author = {Gottlebe, Joaquin}, +} + +@misc{gottlebe_umgang_nodate, + title = {Umgang mit biologischer {Vielfalt} als genetische {Ressource}.pdf}, + author = {Gottlebe, Joaquin}, +} + +@misc{gottlebe_proteste_nodate, + title = {Proteste in {Santiago} de {Chile}: {Die} {Folgen} des {Neoliberalismus}}, + language = {de}, + author = {Gottlebe, Joaquin}, +} + +@book{mayring_qualitative_2015, + address = {Weinheim}, + title = {Qualitative {Inhaltsanalyse}}, + isbn = {978-3-407-29393-0}, + url = {https://content-select.com/de/portal/media/view/552557d1-12fc-4367-a17f-4cc3b0dd2d03?forceauth=1}, + urldate = {2021-08-03}, + publisher = {Beltz}, + author = {Mayring, Philipp}, + year = {2015}, +} + +@incollection{manske_selbststandige_2018, + title = {Selbstständige {Arbeit} als {Grenzgang}}, + isbn = {978-3-658-18981-5}, + abstract = {Der Artikel beleuchtet das Thema Erwerbshybridisierung am Beispiel des Kulturbereiches. Dort zeichnet sich ab, dass Erwerbsverläufe zunehmend mehrgleisig sind und eine steigende Anzahl an Erwerbstätigen zu Grenzgängern und Grenzgängerinnen werden, die die Grenzen der unterschiedlichen Erwerbsformen ausloten. Die These ist, dass Grenzgänger und Grenzgängerinnen die Erwerbsform Selbstständigkeit flexibel nutzen, um Berufs- und Lebenskonzepte mit Arbeitsmarktrealitäten zu synchronisieren. Eine praxisnahe Betrachtung von Arbeitsverhältnissen sollte sich dem Phänomen der Erwerbshybridisierung zuwenden, da Grenzgänge zwischen Erwerbsformen, zwischen Arbeitsverhältnissen sowie zwischen Erwerbsfeldern als eine Verschränkung der Flexibilisierung von Arbeit mit individuellen Erwerbsstrategien zu verstehen sind. Es wird untersucht, in welchen Formen Grenzgänge im Kulturbereich auftreten und zwischen drei Dimensionen unterschieden.}, + author = {Manske, Alexandra}, + month = jan, + year = {2018}, + doi = {10.1007/978-3-658-18982-2_9}, + note = {00009 }, + pages = {213--237}, +} + +@article{fritsch_verdienen_2015, + title = {Verdienen {Selbständige} tatsächlich weniger als {Angestellte}?}, + volume = {82}, + number = {7}, + journal = {DIW Wochenbericht}, + author = {Fritsch, Michael and Kritikos, Alexander S. and Sorgner, Alina}, + year = {2015}, + note = {Number: 7 +Publisher: Berlin: Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung (DIW)}, + pages = {134--141}, +} + +@article{apitzsch_traditionelle_2016, + title = {Traditionelle und neue intermediäre {Akteure} in den {Arbeitswelten} hochqualifizierter {Solo}-{Selbstständiger}}, + doi = {10.1688/IndB-2016-04-Apitzsch}, + journal = {Industrielle Beziehungen/The German Journal of Industrial Relations}, + author = {Apitzsch, Birgit and Ruiner, Caroline and Wilkesmann, Maximiliane}, + year = {2016}, + pages = {477--497}, +} + +@article{lipps_working_2018, + title = {The working class left behind? {The} class gap in life satisfaction in {Germany} and {Switzerland} over the last decades}, + volume = {20}, + shorttitle = {The working class left behind?}, + doi = {10/gh7drz}, + number = {4}, + journal = {European Societies}, + author = {Lipps, Oliver and Oesch, Daniel}, + year = {2018}, + note = {Number: 4 +Publisher: Taylor \& Francis +Citations (Crossref): 1 [2021-03-31]}, + pages = {549--571}, +} + +@article{koebe_systemrelevant_2020, + title = {Systemrelevant, aber dennoch kaum anerkannt: {Entlohnung} unverzichtbarer {Berufe} in der {Corona}-{Krise} unterdurchschnittlich}, + shorttitle = {Systemrelevant, aber dennoch kaum anerkannt}, + author = {Koebe, Josefine and Samtleben, Claire and Schrenker, Annekatrin and Zucco, Aline}, + year = {2020}, + note = {ZSCC: 0000009 +Publisher: Berlin: Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung (DIW)}, + pages = {10}, +} + +@article{buschoff_solo-selbststandigkeitprekare_2017, + title = {Solo-{Selbstständigkeit}–eine prekäre {Beschäftigungsform}?}, + volume = {70}, + doi = {10/gh7drx}, + number = {1}, + journal = {WSI-Mitteilungen}, + author = {Buschoff, Karin Schulze and Conen, Wieteke and Schippers, Joop}, + year = {2017}, + note = {Number: 1 +Publisher: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH \& Co. KG +Citations (Crossref): 6 [2021-03-31]}, + pages = {54--61}, +} + +@article{eichhorst_solo-selbststandigkeit_2017, + title = {Solo-{Selbstständigkeit} in der {Plattformökonomie}}, + volume = {28}, + journal = {WISO-Direkt}, + author = {Eichhorst, Werner and Linckh, Carolin}, + year = {2017}, + pages = {2017}, +} + +@article{brenke_solo-selbstandige_2016, + title = {Solo-{Selbständige} in {Deutschland}-{Strukturen} und {Erwerbsverläufe}}, + author = {Brenke, Karl and Beznoska, Martin}, + year = {2016}, + note = {Publisher: DEU}, +} + +@article{bonin_selbststandige_2020, + title = {Selbstständige {Erwerbstätigkeit} in {Deutschland} ({Aktualisierung} 2020): {Kurzexpertise}}, + shorttitle = {Selbstständige {Erwerbstätigkeit} in {Deutschland} ({Aktualisierung} 2020)}, + author = {Bonin, Holger and Krause-Pilatus, Annabelle and Rinne, Ulf and Gehlen, Annica and Molitor, Pia}, + year = {2020}, + note = {Publisher: DEU}, +} + +@article{maier_selbststandige_2018, + title = {Selbstständige {Erwerbstätigkeit} in {Deutschland}}, + author = {Maier, Michael F. and Ivanov, Boris}, + year = {2018}, + note = {Publisher: DEU}, +} + +@article{buschoff_selbststandige_2006, + title = {Selbstständige {Erwerbsarbeit} und soziales {Risikomanagement}—ein deutsch-britischer {Vergleich}}, + volume = {52}, + doi = {10/gh7drq}, + number = {4}, + journal = {Zeitschrift für Sozialreform}, + author = {Buschoff, Karin Schulze}, + year = {2006}, + note = {Number: 4 +Publisher: De Gruyter Oldenbourg +Citations (Crossref): 2 [2021-03-31]}, + pages = {521--546}, +} + +@article{manske_selbstandigkeit_2015, + title = {Selbständigkeit als {Patchwork}-{Existenz}: {Neue} {Muster} von {Selbständigkeit} in den {Kulturberufen}}, + shorttitle = {Selbständigkeit als {Patchwork}-{Existenz}}, + doi = {10/gg5z5v}, + journal = {Sozialer Fortschritt}, + author = {Manske, Alexandra}, + year = {2015}, + note = {ZSCC: 0000008 +Publisher: JSTOR +Citations (Crossref): 0 [2021-03-31]}, + pages = {241--246}, +} + +@article{hardes_selbstandige_1999, + title = {Selbständige {Erwerbstätigkeit}}, + author = {Hardes, H. D. and Uhly, Dipl Volksw A. and Mendling, Jan and Weishaupt, Ingo}, + year = {1999}, + note = {ZSCC: 0000000}, +} + +@article{brenke_selbstandige_2015, + title = {Selbständige {Beschäftigung} geht zurück}, + volume = {82}, + number = {36}, + journal = {DIW Wochenbericht}, + author = {Brenke, Karl}, + year = {2015}, + note = {Number: 36 +Publisher: Berlin: Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung (DIW)}, + pages = {790--796}, +} + +@book{hintermaier-erhard_worterbuch_1997, + address = {Stuttgart}, + title = {Wörterbuch der {Bodenkunde}}, + isbn = {3-432-29971-0}, + url = {https://primo.fu-berlin.de/FUB:FUB_ALMA_DS21927292620002883}, + abstract = {Systematik - Bodenkunde - Ökologie.}, + language = {ger}, + publisher = {Enke}, + author = {Hintermaier-Erhard, Gerd}, + year = {1997}, +} + +@article{manske_zwischen_2016, + title = {Zwischen den {Welten}: {Hybride} {Arbeitsverhältnisse} in den {Kulturberufen}}, + shorttitle = {Zwischen den {Welten}}, + journal = {Industrielle Beziehungen/The German Journal of Industrial Relations}, + author = {Manske, Alexandra}, + year = {2016}, + note = {ZSCC: 0000005 +Publisher: JSTOR}, + pages = {498--516}, +} + +@article{moskal_monitoring_2011, + title = {Monitoring urban tree cover using object-based image analysis and public domain remotely sensed data}, + volume = {3}, + number = {10}, + journal = {Remote Sensing}, + author = {Moskal, L. Monika and Styers, Diane M. and Halabisky, Meghan}, + year = {2011}, + note = {Number: 10 +Publisher: Molecular Diversity Preservation International}, + pages = {2243--2262}, +} + +@book{scheffer_lehrbuch_2018, + address = {Berlin}, + edition = {17., überarbeitete und ergänzte Auflage}, + series = {Lehrbuch}, + title = {Lehrbuch der {Bodenkunde}}, + isbn = {978-3-662-55870-6}, + url = {https://fu-berlin.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=FUB_ALMA_DS51995701800002883&context=L&vid=FUB&lang=de_DE&tab=fub}, + language = {ger}, + publisher = {Springer Spektrum}, + author = {Scheffer, Fritz and Schachtschabel, Paul 1904-1998 and Amelung, Wulf and Blume, Hans-Peter 1933- and Fleige, Heinrich 1968- and Gaiser, Thomas}, + year = {2018}, + note = {ZSCC: NoCitationData[s0] +Pages: Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten}, +} + +@article{pongratz_interessenvertretung_2018, + title = {Interessenvertretung von {Solo}-{Selbstständigen}}, + volume = {71}, + doi = {10/gh7drv}, + number = {4}, + journal = {WSI-Mitteilungen}, + author = {Pongratz, Hans J. and Abbenhardt, Lisa}, + year = {2018}, + note = {Number: 4 +Publisher: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH \& Co. KG +Citations (Crossref): 3 [2021-03-31]}, + pages = {270--278}, +} + +@article{wach_herausforderungen_2020, + title = {Herausforderungen und {Folgen} der {COVID}-19-{Pandemie} für {Solo}-{Selbstständige} und {KMU} in {Deutschland}}, + author = {Wach, Dominika and Doan, Denise and Herhold, Elsa Sophie}, + year = {2020}, +} + +@article{fachinger_herausforderungen_2017, + title = {Herausforderungen der sozialen {Sicherung} der {Soloselbständigen}: {Lehren} aus der {Krankenversicherung}}, + shorttitle = {Herausforderungen der sozialen {Sicherung} der {Soloselbständigen}}, + doi = {10/gh7drw}, + journal = {Sozialer Fortschritt}, + author = {Fachinger, Uwe}, + year = {2017}, + note = {Publisher: JSTOR +Citations (Crossref): 0 [2021-03-31]}, + pages = {815--842}, +} + +@article{block_emergency_2020, + title = {Emergency {Aid} for {Self}-{Employed} in the {COVID}-19 {Pandemic}: {A} {Flash} in the {Pan}?}, + shorttitle = {Emergency {Aid} for {Self}-{Employed} in the {COVID}-19 {Pandemic}}, + author = {Block, Jorn H. and Kritikos, Alexander and Priem, Maximilian and Stiel, Caroline}, + year = {2020}, + note = {Publisher: DIW Berlin Discussion Paper}, + pages = {38}, +} + +@incollection{lageman_neue_1999, + title = {Eine „neue {Kultur} “der {Selbständigkeit}? {Zur} {Diskussion} einer wirtschaftspolitischen {Idee}}, + shorttitle = {Eine „neue {Kultur} “der {Selbständigkeit}?}, + booktitle = {Unternehmensgründung und {Dezentralität}}, + publisher = {Springer}, + author = {Lageman, Bernhard and Welter, Friederike}, + year = {1999}, + note = {ZSCC: 0000016}, + pages = {111--126}, +} + +@incollection{pongratz_diskontinuitat_2018, + title = {Diskontinuität und {Diversität} beruflicher {Selbstständigkeit}}, + booktitle = {Hybride {Erwerbsformen}}, + publisher = {Springer}, + author = {Pongratz, Hans J. and Bührmann, Andrea D.}, + year = {2018}, + pages = {51--75}, +} + +@book{gather_vielfalt_2014, + title = {Die {Vielfalt} der {Selbständigkeit}: {Sozialwissenschaftliche} {Beiträge} zu einer {Erwerbsform} im {Wandel}}, + shorttitle = {Die {Vielfalt} der {Selbständigkeit}}, + url = {https://fu-berlin.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=FUB_ALMA_DS21875602060002883&context=L&vid=FUB&lang=de_DE&search_scope=FUB_ALL&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&tab=fub&query=any,contains,Die%20Vielfalt%20der%20Selbst%C3%A4ndigkeit:%20Sozialwissenschaftliche%20Beitr%C3%A4ge%20zu%20einer%20Erwerbsform%20im%20Wandel&offset=0}, + publisher = {edition sigma}, + author = {Gather, Claudia and Biermann, Ingrid and Schürmann, Lena and Ulbricht, Susan and Zipprian, Heinz}, + year = {2014}, +} + +@article{mohring_mannheimer_2020, + title = {Die {Mannheimer} {Corona}-{Studie}: {Schwerpunktbericht} zu {Erwerbstätigkeit} und {Kinderbetreuung}}, + shorttitle = {Die {Mannheimer} {Corona}-{Studie}}, + author = {Möhring, Katja and Naumann, Elias and Reifenscheid, Maximiliane and Blom, Annelies G. and Wenz, Alexander and Rettig, Tobias and Lehrer, Roni and Krieger, Ulrich and Juhl, Sebastian and Friedel, Sabine}, + year = {2020}, + note = {ZSCC: 0000027}, +} + +@book{ad-hoc-arbeitsgruppe_boden_der_geologischen_landesamter_und_der_bundesanstalt_fur_geowissenschaften_und_rohstoffe_der_bundesrepublik_deutschland_bodenkundliche_2005, + address = {Stuttgart}, + edition = {5., verbesserte und erweiterte Auflage}, + title = {Bodenkundliche {Kartieranleitung} : mit ... 103 {Tabellen} und 31 {Listen}}, + isbn = {978-3-510-95920-4}, + url = {https://primo.fu-berlin.de/FUB:FUB_ALMA_DS21844633050002883}, + language = {ger}, + publisher = {Schweizerbart}, + author = {{Ad-Hoc-Arbeitsgruppe Boden der Geologischen Landesämter und der Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe der Bundesrepublik Deutschland}}, + collaborator = {Sponagel, Herbert and {Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe}}, + year = {2005}, + note = {ZSCC: NoCitationData[s0] +Pages: Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten.}, +} + +@book{bogenhold_berufliche_2016, + title = {Berufliche {Selbstständigkeit}: theoretische und empirische {Vermessungen}}, + shorttitle = {Berufliche {Selbstständigkeit}}, + publisher = {Springer-Verlag}, + author = {Bögenhold, Dieter and Fachinger, Uwe}, + year = {2016}, + note = {ZSCC: 0000013}, +} + +@article{keller_atypische_2014, + title = {Atypische {Beschäftigungsverhältnisse}—{Einleitung} zum {Schwerpunktheft}}, + number = {H. 1}, + journal = {Industrielle Beziehungen/The German Journal of Industrial Relations}, + author = {Keller, Berndt and Nienhüser, Werner}, + year = {2014}, + note = {Number: H. 1 +ZSCC: 0000002 +Publisher: JSTOR}, + pages = {5--14}, +} + +@article{keller_atypische_2018, + title = {Atypische {Beschäftigungsverhältnisse} in der digitalisierten {Arbeitswelt}}, + volume = {71}, + doi = {10/gh7drp}, + number = {4}, + journal = {WSI-Mitteilungen}, + author = {Keller, Berndt and Seifert, Hartmut}, + year = {2018}, + note = {Number: 4 +ZSCC: 0000008 +Publisher: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH \& Co. KG}, + pages = {279--287}, +} + +@book{keller_atypische_2013, + title = {Atypische {Beschäftigung} zwischen {Prekarität} und {Normalität}}, + url = {https://fu-berlin.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=FUB_ALMA_DS21872180210002883&context=L&vid=FUB&lang=de_DE&search_scope=FUB_ALL&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&tab=fub&query=any,contains,Atypische%20Besch%C3%A4ftigung%20zwischen%20Prekarit%C3%A4t%20und%20Normalit%C3%A4t&offset=0}, + publisher = {Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH \& Co. KG}, + author = {Keller, Berndt K. and Seifert, Hartmut}, + year = {2013}, + note = {ZSCC: 0000140}, +} + +@book{baron_atypische_2018, + title = {Atypische {Beschäftigung} und ihre sozialen {Konsequenzen}}, + publisher = {Springer}, + author = {Baron, Daniel and Hill, Paul B.}, + year = {2018}, + doi = {10.1007/978­3­658­18736­1}, +} + +@book{vogler-ludwig_arbeitsmarkt_2016, + title = {Arbeitsmarkt 2030-{Wirtschaft} und {Arbeitsmarkt} im digitalen {Zeitalter}: {Prognose} 2016}, + shorttitle = {Arbeitsmarkt 2030-{Wirtschaft} und {Arbeitsmarkt} im digitalen {Zeitalter}}, + publisher = {W. Bertelsmann Verlag}, + author = {Vogler-Ludwig, Kurt and Düll, Nicola and Kriechel, Ben}, + year = {2016}, +} + +@book{fohrer_hydrologie_2016, + address = {Bern}, + edition = {1. Auflage}, + title = {Hydrologie}, + isbn = {978-3-8252-4513-9}, + shorttitle = {Hydrologie / {Nicola} {Fohrer} ({Hrsg}.) [und 6 weitere] ; mit {Beiträgen} von}, + language = {ger}, + publisher = {Haupt Verlag}, + author = {Fohrer, Nicola and Bormann, Helge and {Uni-Taschenbücher GmbH}}, + year = {2016}, + note = {ZSCC: NoCitationData[s0]}, +} + +@book{leser_geomorphologische_1975, + address = {Berlin}, + title = {Geomorphologische {Kartierung}: {Richtlinien} zu {Herstellung} geomorphologischer {Karten} 1:25000}, + author = {{LESER} and {STÄBLEIN}}, + year = {1975}, +} + +@article{luthgens_neubewertung_2007, + title = {Neubewertung der geomorphologischen {Entwicklung} der {Umgebung} des {Rangsdorfer} {Sees}}, + volume = {56}, + copyright = {Geozon Science Media}, + issn = {0424-7116}, + url = {https://e-docs.geo-leo.de/handle/11858/00-1735-0000-0001-B9E9-D}, + doi = {10/gh5mht}, + abstract = {Für eine Neubewertung der geomorphologischen Entwicklung der Umgebung des Rangsdorfer Sees wurde eine Strategie entwickelt, die die technischen Analysemöglichkeiten eines GIS mit der geomorphologischen Arbeit im Gelände kombiniert. Die digitale Aufarbeitung von geologischen und topographischen Karten verschiedenen Alters bildet die Datengrundlage für die Arbeit im GIS. Im Zentrum stand hierbei die Aktualisierung der Preußischen Geologischen Karten aus dem ausgehenden 19. Jahrhundert. Nach der Verschneidung dieser Daten mit einem eigens erstellten DGM konnte ein vorläufiges Modell zur geomorphologischen Entwicklung mit folgenden wesentlichen Punkten erstellt werden: Ein durch saalezeitliche Stauchungskomplexe vorgeprägtes Ausgangsrelief unterliegt weichselzeitlich einer intensiven Zerschneidung durch subglaziale Schmelzwässer. Im Zuge der Eisfreiwerdung kommt es zu subaerischen Abflüssen mit vorwiegend akkumulierender Wirkung und damit in den Rinnenbereichen zur Verschüttung großer Mengen an Toteis, deren späteres Austauen zur Entstehung einer ausgedehnten Seenlandschaft führt. Im Spätglazial werden Dünen aufgeweht. Im Holozän dominieren akkumulative Prozesse, was eine Nivellierung des Reliefs zur Folge hat. Bei der Verifizierung dieses Modells mit Hilfe von Geländearbeiten zeigte sich, dass die saalezeitliche Vorprägung des Reliefs von noch größerer Bedeutung ist als zunächst angenommen: Sowohl die Vollformen als auch die Tiefenlinien waren bereits saalezeitlich angelegt. Für das Weichsel-Glazial konnte die auf den Hochflächen vorwiegend glazial-erosive und im Bereich der Niederungen vorwiegend glazial-akkumulative Prägung bestätigt werden.}, + language = {deu}, + number = {4}, + urldate = {2021-02-25}, + journal = {E\&G – Quaternary Science Journal}, + author = {Lüthgens, Christopher and Böse, Margot}, + month = dec, + year = {2007}, + note = {Number: 4 +ZSCC: 0000003 +Accepted: 2011-06-22T09:53:55Z +Publisher: Geozon Science Media}, +} + +@book{landesumweltamt_brandenburg_strukturgute_2002, + address = {Potsdam}, + series = {Studien und {Tagungsberichte} / {Landesumweltamt} {Brandenburg}}, + title = {Strukturgüte von {Fließgewässern} {Brandenburgs} / [{Projektl}.: {Rainer} {Bock} ...].}, + url = {https://primo.fu-berlin.de/FUB:FUB_ALMA_DS21927088090002883}, + language = {ger}, + publisher = {LUA}, + author = {{Landesumweltamt Brandenburg}}, + year = {2002}, + note = {ZSCC: NoCitationData[s0] +Pages: zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst. und Kt.}, +} + +@book{lawa_gewasserstrukturgutekartierung_2000, + address = {Berlin}, + edition = {1. Aufl.}, + series = {Oberirdische {Gewässer} : {Empfehlungen}}, + title = {Gewässerstrukturgütekartierung in der {Bundesrepublik} {Deutschland} : {Verfahren} für kleine und mittelgroße {Fließgewässer}}, + isbn = {3-88961-233-4}, + url = {https://primo.fu-berlin.de/FUB:FUB_ALMA_DS21789021350002883}, + language = {ger}, + publisher = {Kulturbuch-Verl.}, + author = {{LAWA}}, + year = {2000}, + note = {ZSCC: NoCitationData[s0] +Pages: 145, 18 S. : Ill., graph. Darst., Kt.}, +} + +@article{juschus_jungmoranenland_2001, + title = {Das {Jungmoränenland} südlich von {Berlin} - {Untersuchungen} zur jungquartären {Landschaftsentwicklung} zwischen {Unterspreewald} und {Nuthe}}, + url = {https://edoc.hu-berlin.de/handle/18452/15237}, + doi = {10/ghqdpq}, + abstract = {Das Jungmoränenland südlich Berlins stellt ein Mosaik aus ausgedehnten Schmelzwasserabflussbahnen und inselartig daraus aufragenden Platten dar. Teile des Großreliefs wurden bereits saalezeitlich angelegt. Der weichselzeitliche Eisvorstoß beeinflusste relativ schwach den Untergrund und hinterließ einen meist geringmächtigen, lückenhaften Till. Das jüngste Inlandeis wirkte vor allem über die Schmelzwässer. Es bildeten sich zahlreiche Glaziale Rinnen und mächtige Vorschütt- und Sandersande. Die lückenhaft ausgebildete Brandenburger Eisrandlage markiert nicht das weiteste Vordringen des weichselzeitlichen Inlandeises. Der Maximalvorstoß stieß 2 bis 12 km weiter nach Süden vor. Östlich von Luckenwalde erreichte er den Südrand des Baruther Urstromtales. Dem Maximalvorstoß wird im Baruther Urstromtal die älteste von vier Abflussphasen zugeordnet. Dem Ältesten Baruther Urstrom folgte der Ältere Urstrom, der die Brandenburger Eisrandlage entwässerte. Der Jüngere und der Jüngste Baruther Urstrom führten die Schmelzwässer ab, die beim Zurückschmelzen des Eises von der Brandenburger Eisrandlage anfielen. Zwischen denen einzelnen Abflussphasen erfolgte kein Trockenfallen des Urstromtales. Deutliche Terrassenkanten fehlen innerhalb der Urstromtalungen. Die Entwicklung der Abflussbahnen nördlich des Baruther Urstromtales verlief, vom Unterspreewald ausgehend, in drei Hauptphasen mit den aufeinanderfolgenden Abflusszielen Beelitz (?), Potsdam und Berlin. Es existiert keine Rückzugsstaffel nördlich der Brandenburger Eisrandlage. Die Spree hat im Unterspreewald vier Gerinnebettgenerationen ausgebildet. Braided river-Strukturen, Großmäander, Kleinmäander und das rezente Anastomosieren folgten seit dem Weichselspätglazial aufeinander. Die Spree floss vom Unterspreewald immer nach Osten und nie nach Nordwesten ab. Die Ursache dieses Umweges wird im späten Durchbruch der Spree durch den Lausitzer Grenzwall gesehen, so dass die Aufwehung von Dünen den kürzeren Weg in das Berliner Urstromtal blockierte.}, + language = {ger}, + urldate = {2020-12-22}, + author = {Juschus, Olaf}, + month = may, + year = {2001}, + note = {ZSCC: 0000041 +Accepted: 2017-06-18T04:15:27Z +Publisher: Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät II}, +} + +@book{hake_kartographie_2002, + address = {Berlin New York}, + edition = {8., vollständig neu bearbeitete und erweiterte Auflage}, + series = {De-{Gruyter}-{Lehrbuch}}, + title = {Kartographie: {Visualisierung} raum-zeitlicher {Informationen}}, + isbn = {978-3-11-016404-6}, + shorttitle = {Kartographie}, + abstract = {Das Lehrbuch bietet eine aktuelle systematische Darstellung der theoretischen Grundlagen der Kartographie, der Geo-Informationssysteme, des Raumbezugs in der Kartographie und der Geoinformatik, der kartographischen Modellbildung, der Techniken der kartographischen Visualisierung, topographischer und fachthematischer Informationssysteme und Karten, der Atlaskartographie sowie einen Überblick über Gegenwart und Geschichte des Fachgebietes. (AUT)}, + language = {de}, + publisher = {Walter de Gruyter}, + author = {Hake, Günter and Grünreich, Dietmar and Meng, Liqiu}, + year = {2002}, + note = {ZSCC: 0000527 +OCLC: 248260738}, +} + +@book{stahr_bodenkunde_2020, + edition = {4. vollst. überarb. Aufl.}, + title = {Bodenkunde und {Standortlehre}}, + isbn = {978-3-8385-5345-0}, + url = {https://primo.fu-berlin.de/FUB:FUB_ALMA_DS511073488000002883}, + language = {ger}, + author = {Stahr, Karl}, + editor = {Kandeler, Ellen and Herrmann, Ludger and Streck, Thilo}, + year = {2020}, + note = {Series Editors: \_:n1351 +Pages: 327 p.}, +} + +@book{tucker_methoden_1996, + address = {Stuttgart}, + title = {Methoden der {Sedimentologie}: 38 {Tabellen}}, + isbn = {978-3-432-26691-6}, + shorttitle = {Methoden der {Sedimentologie}}, + language = {ger}, + publisher = {Enke}, + editor = {Tucker, Maurice}, + year = {1996}, + note = {ZSCC: NoCitationData[s0] +OCLC: 75792178}, +} + +@article{holst_covid-19_2021, + title = {Covid-19 and {Work} {Life} in {Germany}.}, + author = {Holst, Hajo and Niehoff, Steffen and Fessler, Agnes}, + year = {2021}, + note = {ZSCC: 0000000}, +} + +@article{meyer_arbeiten_2020, + title = {Arbeiten im {Ausnahmezustand}⁈ {Empirische} {Trends}}, + author = {Meyer, Nikolaus}, + year = {2020}, + note = {ZSCC: 0000000}, +} + +@article{holst_covid-19_2021-1, + title = {Covid-19, social class and work experience in {Germany}: inequalities in work-related health and economic risks}, + volume = {23}, + shorttitle = {Covid-19, social class and work experience in {Germany}}, + doi = {10/ghrngd}, + number = {sup1}, + journal = {European Societies}, + author = {Holst, Hajo and Fessler, Agnes and Niehoff, Steffen}, + year = {2021}, + note = {Number: sup1 +ZSCC: 0000005 +Publisher: Taylor \& Francis}, + pages = {S495--S512}, +} + +@article{bertschek_soloselbststandigkeit_2020, + title = {Soloselbstständigkeit in der {Corona}-{Krise}}, + journal = {Digitalisierung hilft bei der Bewältigung der Krise, ZEW expert brief}, + author = {Bertschek, Irene and Erdsiek, Daniel}, + year = {2020}, + note = {ZSCC: 0000005}, + pages = {20--08}, +} + +@article{manske_hybride_2019, + title = {Hybride {Arbeit} auf dem {Kulturarbeitsmarkt}}, + volume = {39}, + journal = {Komplexe Dynamiken globaler und lokaler Entwicklungen. Verhandlungen des 39. Kongresses der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Soziologie in Göttingen 2018.}, + author = {Manske, Alexandra}, + year = {2019}, +} + +@article{trenkmann_erste_2019, + title = {Erste {Verbesserungen} in der sozialen {Absicherung} selbständig {Erwerbstätiger}–eine {Chance} für {Frauen} in der digitalen {Arbeitswelt}?}, + volume = {39}, + number = {4}, + journal = {Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society}, + author = {TRENKMANN, LENA SCHÜRMANN JEANNETTE}, + year = {2019}, + note = {Number: 4 +ZSCC: 0000002}, + pages = {887--896}, +} + +@incollection{manske_arbeit_2018, + title = {Arbeit und {Beschäftigung} in der {Kultur}-und {Kreativwirtschaft}}, + booktitle = {Handbuch {Arbeitssoziologie}}, + publisher = {Springer}, + author = {Manske, Alexandra and Schnell, Christiane}, + year = {2018}, + note = {ZSCC: 0000000}, + pages = {423--450}, +} + +@article{trenkmann_erste_2019-1, + title = {Erste {Verbesserungen} in der sozialen {Absicherung} selbständig {Erwerbstätiger}–eine {Chance} für {Frauen} in der digitalen {Arbeitswelt}?}, + volume = {39}, + number = {4}, + journal = {Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society}, + author = {{Trenkmann} and {Schürmann}}, + year = {2019}, + note = {Number: 4 +ZSCC: 0000002}, + pages = {887--896}, +} + +@article{adler_erwerbstatigkeit_nodate, + title = {Erwerbstätigkeit am {Wendepunkt}?}, + language = {de}, + author = {Adler, Walther}, + pages = {15}, +} + +@article{schneemann_welche_2020, + title = {Welche {Branchen} sind ökonomisch systemrelevant?}, + volume = {100}, + doi = {10/gh7fx3}, + number = {9}, + journal = {Wirtschaftsdienst}, + author = {Schneemann, Christian and Weber, Enzo and Wolter, Marc Ingo and Zika, Gerd}, + year = {2020}, + note = {Number: 9 +ZSCC: 0000000 +Publisher: Springer +Citations (Crossref): 0 [2021-03-31]}, + pages = {7}, +} + +@article{seebauer_warum_2021, + title = {Warum vor allem weibliche {Selbstständige} {Verliererinnen} der {Covid}-19-{Krise} sind}, + author = {Seebauer, Johannes and Kritikos, Alexander S. and Graeber, Daniel}, + year = {2021}, + note = {DOI: +https://doi.org/10.18723/diw\_wb:2021-15-3}, +} + +@article{ministerium_fur_kultus_jugend_und_sport_baden-wurttemberg_ubersicht_2017, + title = {Übersicht {Berufsgruppen} und {Kategorien}}, + language = {de}, + author = {{Ministerium für Kultus, Jugend und Sport (Baden-Württemberg)}}, + year = {2017}, + pages = {17}, +} + +@article{bertschek_soloselbststandigkeit_2020-1, + title = {Soloselbstständigkeit in der {Corona}-{Krise}: : {Digitalisierung} hilft bei der {Bewältigung} der {Krise}}, + journal = {ZEW-Kurzexpertise}, + author = {Bertschek, Irene and Erdsiek, Daniel}, + year = {2020}, + note = {ZSCC: 0000005}, + pages = {19}, +} + +@misc{bundesministerium_fur_arbeit_und_soziales_sars-cov-2-arbeitsschutzverordnung_2021, + title = {{SARS}-{CoV}-2-{Arbeitsschutzverordnung} ({Corona}-{ArbSchV})}, + author = {{Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Soziales}}, + year = {2021}, +} + +@article{wolf_digitalisierung_2018, + title = {Digitalisierung: {Definition} und {Reife}}, + volume = {41}, + issn = {1432-122X}, + shorttitle = {Digitalisierung}, + url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00287-017-1084-8}, + doi = {10.1007/s00287-017-1084-8}, + abstract = {,,Digitalisierung“ – Das Wort dominiert aktuell jede Agenda von der Politik über die Wirtschaft bis hin zur Gesellschaft. Zudem existieren zahlreiche, oft als Synonym verwendete Begrifflichkeiten wie ,,Industrie 4.0“ oder ,,IoT“. Dieses breite, inkonsistente Spektrum führt zwangsläufig zu einer Verwässerung des Begriffes sowie zu teilweise konträren Zielvorstellungen. Aus diesem Grund widmet sich der Artikel zunächst einer klaren Definition von Digitalisierung. Anschließend wird eine fragebogenbasierte Methodik vorgestellt, die ein fünfstufiges Relevanzstufenraster sowie eine Systematik zur Beurteilung des Digitalisierungsreifegrades eines Unternehmens enthält. Mit dem Relevanzstufenraster wird eingeschätzt, für welche Unternehmensbereiche Digitalisierung relevant ist. Der Digitalisierungsreifegrad zeigt auf, welchen Status das Unternehmen im Hinblick auf Digitalisierung bereits erreicht hat. In den Reifegrad fließen sowohl konkrete Fortschritte in den Bereichen Strategie, Organisation und Kultur sowie IT ein als auch die Verankerung der jeweiligen Aspekte im Managementsystem des Unternehmens.}, + language = {de}, + number = {1}, + urldate = {2021-09-26}, + journal = {Informatik-Spektrum}, + author = {Wolf, Thomas and Strohschen, Jacqueline-Helena}, + month = feb, + year = {2018}, + note = {Number: 1}, + pages = {56--64}, +} + +@article{schar_role_2004, + title = {The role of increasing temperature variability in {European} summer heatwaves}, + volume = {427}, + doi = {10/d6fsdk}, + abstract = {Instrumental observations1,2 and reconstructions3,4 of global and hemispheric temperature evolution reveal a pronounced warming during the past ∼150 years. One expression of this warming is the observed increase in the occurrence of heatwaves5,6. Conceptually this increase is understood as a shift of the statistical distribution towards warmer temperatures, while changes in the width of the distribution are often considered small7. Here we show that this framework fails to explain the record-breaking central European summer temperatures in 2003, although it is consistent with observations from previous years. We find that an event like that of summer 2003 is statistically extremely unlikely, even when the observed warming is taken into account. We propose that a regime with an increased variability of temperatures (in addition to increases in mean temperature) may be able to account for summer 2003. To test this proposal, we simulate possible future European climate with a regional climate model in a scenario with increased atmospheric greenhouse-gas concentrations, and find that temperature variability increases by up to 100\%, with maximum changes in central and eastern Europe.}, + number = {6972}, + journal = {Nature}, + author = {Schär, Christoph and Vidale, Pier Luigi and Lüthi, Daniel and {Christoph Frei} and Frei, Christoph and Häberli, Christian and Liniger, Mark A. and Appenzeller, Christof}, + month = jan, + year = {2004}, + doi = {10.1038/nature02300}, + pmid = {14716318}, + note = {Number: 6972 +MAG ID: 2008668438}, + pages = {332--336}, +} + +@article{harkonen_forest_1999, + title = {Forest damage caused by the {Canadian} beaver ({Castor} canadensis) in {South} {Savo}, {Finland}}, + volume = {33}, + issn = {22424075}, + url = {http://www.silvafennica.fi/article/648}, + doi = {10/gft6vm}, + abstract = {The increasing Canadian beaver (Castor canadensis) population has caused forest damage in Finland. However, the occurrence, extent and importance of the damage have not been comprehensively studied. The field inspection was carried out in all of the beaver damage areas (n = 50) in the Anttola, Juva and Pieksämäki game management units in summer 1998. The characteristics of the damage areas, types of damage and the severity of the damage were examined. The size of the damage areas averaged 2.2 ha. The damage areas occurred on peatland forest more (p {\textless} 0.05) than expected. The dominant tree species were commercially valuable trees such as Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) (33 \%), Norway spruce (Picea abies) (18 \%) and birches (Betula spp.) (47 \%). Birch occurred as dominant tree species more (p {\textless} 0.05) than expected. The proportion of older forest development classes was considerable. The most important type of damage was flooding (50 \%) caused by the damming activity of beavers. The trees were dead or dying in 18 \% of the damage areas. It was estimated that the ecosystem engineering performed by beavers was of no importance in 28 \% of the damage areas. Prevention of beaver damage has been carried out in 80 \% of the damage areas. In the study area, beaver numbers have steadily increased, although the number of beavers taken by hunting and the allowed hunting harvest have sharply increased. It is suggested that the methods used to prevent beaver damage should be improved and a compensation system should be provided by the state for the most damaged areas. Beavers can cause damage to commercial forestry, and this should be taken into account more effectively in the management plans made by the game management districts.}, + language = {en}, + number = {4}, + urldate = {2022-02-02}, + journal = {Silva Fennica}, + author = {Härkönen, Sauli}, + year = {1999}, + note = {Number: 4}, +} + +@article{nevalainen_moose_2016, + title = {Moose damage in {National} {Forest} {Inventories} (1986–2008) in {Finland}}, + volume = {50}, + issn = {22424075}, + url = {https://www.silvafennica.fi/article/1410}, + doi = {10/gpb5hg}, + abstract = {The occurrence of moose damage was studied using data from three National Forest Inventories (NFIs) accomplished between 1986 and 2008 in Finland. The combined data included a total of 97 390 young stands. The proportion of moose damage increased from 3.6\% to 8.6\% between the 8th NFI (1986–1994) and the 10th NFI (2004–2008). The majority (75\%) of the damage occurred in Scots pine-dominated stands. The proportion of damage was higher in aspen-dominated stands than in stands dominated by any other tree species. The tree species mixture also had a clear effect on the occurrence of damage. Pure Scots pine stands had less damage than mixed Scots pine stands, and moose damage decreased linearly with the increasing proportion of Scots pine. Stands on mineral soil had more frequent moose damage than stands on peatlands. The fertility class of the site had no straightforward effect on the damage frequency. Artificially regenerated stands had more damage than naturally regenerated stands. Accomplished soil preparation measures and the need for thinning or clearing operations increased moose damage. High proportions of moose damage in young stands were found around the country. In the 10th NFI, the largest concentration of damage was found in southwestern Finland. Our study shows the temporal and spatial changes in the occurrence of moose damage and pinpoints some important silvicultural factors affecting the relative risk of young stands over a large geographical area.}, + language = {en}, + number = {2}, + urldate = {2022-02-02}, + journal = {Silva Fennica}, + author = {Nevalainen, Seppo and Matala, Juho and Korhonen, Kari and Ihalainen, Antti and Nikula, Ari}, + year = {2016}, + note = {Number: 2}, +} + +@article{gao_assessing_2016, + title = {Assessing various drought indicators in representing summer drought in boreal forests in {Finland}}, + volume = {20}, + issn = {1027-5606}, + url = {https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/20/175/2016/}, + doi = {10/f79tz8}, + abstract = {{\textless}p{\textgreater}{\textless}strong class="journal-contentHeaderColor"{\textgreater}Abstract.{\textless}/strong{\textgreater} Droughts can have an impact on forest functioning and production, and even lead to tree mortality. However, drought is an elusive phenomenon that is difficult to quantify and define universally. In this study, we assessed the performance of a set of indicators that have been used to describe drought conditions in the summer months (June, July, August) over a 30-year period (1981\–2010) in Finland. Those indicators include the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), the Standardized Precipitation–Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), the Soil Moisture Index (SMI), and the Soil Moisture Anomaly (SMA). Herein, regional soil moisture was produced by the land surface model JSBACH of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology Earth System Model (MPI-ESM). Results show that the buffering effect of soil moisture and the associated soil moisture memory can impact on the onset and duration of drought as indicated by the SMI and SMA, while the SPI and SPEI are directly controlled by meteorological conditions. {\textless}br{\textgreater}{\textless}br{\textgreater} In particular, we investigated whether the SMI, SMA and SPEI are able to indicate the Extreme Drought affecting Forest health (EDF), which we defined according to the extreme drought that caused severe forest damages in Finland in 2006. The EDF thresholds for the aforementioned indicators are suggested, based on the reported statistics of forest damages in Finland in 2006. SMI was found to be the best indicator in capturing the spatial extent of forest damage induced by the extreme drought in 2006. In addition, through the application of the EDF thresholds over the summer months of the 30-year study period, the SPEI and SMA tended to show more frequent EDF events and a higher fraction of influenced area than SMI. This is because the SPEI and SMA are standardized indicators that show the degree of anomalies from statistical means over the aggregation period of climate conditions and soil moisture, respectively. However, in boreal forests in Finland, the high initial soil moisture or existence of peat often prevent the EDFs indicated by the SPEI and SMA to produce very low soil moisture that could be indicated as EDFs by the SMI. Therefore, we consider SMI is more appropriate for indicating EDFs in boreal forests. The selected EDF thresholds for those indicators could be calibrated when there are more forest health observation data available. Furthermore, in the context of future climate scenarios, assessments of EDF risks in northern areas should, in addition to climate data, rely on a land surface model capable of reliable prediction of soil moisture.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}}, + language = {English}, + number = {1}, + urldate = {2022-02-02}, + journal = {Hydrology and Earth System Sciences}, + author = {Gao, Y. and Markkanen, T. and Thum, T. and Aurela, M. and Lohila, A. and Mammarella, I. and Kämäräinen, M. and Hagemann, S. and Aalto, T.}, + month = jan, + year = {2016}, + note = {Number: 1 +Publisher: Copernicus GmbH}, + pages = {175--191}, +} + +@article{hansen_high-resolution_2013, + title = {High-{Resolution} {Global} {Maps} of 21st-{Century} {Forest} {Cover} {Change}}, + volume = {342}, + issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203}, + url = {https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1244693}, + doi = {10.1126/science.1244693}, + language = {en}, + number = {6160}, + urldate = {2022-01-10}, + journal = {Science}, + author = {Hansen, M. C. and Potapov, P. V. and Moore, R. and Hancher, M. and Turubanova, S. A. and Tyukavina, A. and Thau, D. and Stehman, S. V. and Goetz, S. J. and Loveland, T. R. and Kommareddy, A. and Egorov, A. and Chini, L. and Justice, C. O. and Townshend, J. R. G.}, + month = nov, + year = {2013}, + note = {Number: 6160}, + pages = {850--853}, +} + +@incollection{hese_earth_2020, + address = {Cham}, + title = {Earth {Observation} and {Map}-{Based} {Land}-{Use} {Change} {Analysis} in the {Kulunda} {Steppe} {Since} the 1950s}, + isbn = {978-3-030-15926-9 978-3-030-15927-6}, + url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-15927-6_9}, + abstract = {The overall aim of this work is to provide land-use and land-cover change information as part of the KULUNDA project to develop sustainable land management policies and practices to stabilize agricultural yields and minimize ongoing degradation and desertification processes. The area under investigation comprises around 80,000 km2 and belongs to what is thought of as Russia’s granary, an essential area in ensuring adequate food supply. Inadequate and outdated cultivation and agricultural management practices have caused ecological and socio-economic problems including soil degradation, desertification and yield losses. The focus of this work is the quantification and assessment of land-use and land-cover changes over time. Multi-temporal and multi-sensor satellite data and historical topographic maps were used to detect changes of specific land-use and land-cover classes. The present work utilizes pixel-based data classification approaches as well as object-based concepts and uses Landsat MSS, TM5, ETM and RapidEye data. For the 1950s, a GIS map layer-based approach is used and calibrated with panchromatic airphotograph data mosaics. Results of the land-use change mapping show an increase in cropland until 1989 of nearly 1 mio ha and a decrease until 2013/2014 of 500,000 ha directly connected to a decrease in grassland and steppe area until 1989 and an increase in grassland until 2013/2014. This study for the first time quantifies the land-cover change over 60 years in the Kulunda steppe region of Russia.}, + language = {en}, + urldate = {2021-04-02}, + booktitle = {{KULUNDA}: {Climate} {Smart} {Agriculture}}, + publisher = {Springer International Publishing}, + author = {Hese, S. and Kurepina, N. and Walde, I. and Tsimbalei, Yu. M. and Plutalova, T. G.}, + editor = {Frühauf, Manfred and Guggenberger, Georg and Meinel, Tobias and Theesfeld, Insa and Lentz, Sebastian}, + year = {2020}, + doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-15927-6_9}, + note = {00000 +Series Title: Innovations in Landscape Research}, + pages = {119--141}, +} + +@article{willenbring_null_2016, + title = {The null hypothesis: globally steady rates of erosion, weathering fluxes and shelf sediment accumulation during {Late} {Cenozoic} mountain uplift and glaciation}, + volume = {28}, + issn = {0954-4879, 1365-3121}, + shorttitle = {The null hypothesis}, + url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ter.12185}, + doi = {10.1111/ter.12185}, + language = {en}, + number = {1}, + urldate = {2022-05-18}, + journal = {Terra Nova}, + author = {Willenbring, Jane K. and Jerolmack, Douglas J.}, + month = feb, + year = {2016}, + note = {Number: 1}, + pages = {11--18}, +} + +@article{herman_plio-pleistocene_2016, + title = {Plio-{Pleistocene} increase of erosion rates in mountain belts in response to climate change}, + volume = {28}, + issn = {09544879}, + url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ter.12186}, + doi = {10.1111/ter.12186}, + language = {en}, + number = {1}, + urldate = {2022-05-18}, + journal = {Terra Nova}, + author = {Herman, Frédéric and Champagnac, Jean-Daniel}, + month = feb, + year = {2016}, + note = {Number: 1}, + pages = {2--10}, +} + +@misc{knight_2015_2017, + title = {2015 {Twin} {Cities} {Metropolitan} {Area} {Urban} {Tree} {Canopy} {Assessment}}, + copyright = {CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication}, + url = {http://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/11299/183470}, + doi = {10.13020/D6C016}, + abstract = {A high-resolution (1-meter) tree canopy assessment was completed for the Twin Cities Metropolitan Area. Mapping of existing and potential tree canopy is critical for urban tree management at the landscape level. This classification was created from combined 2015 aerial imagery, LIDAR data, and ancillary thematic layers. These data sets were integrated using an Object-Based Image Analysis (OBIA) approach through multi-resolution image segmentation and an iterative set of classification commands in the form of customized rulesets. eCognition® Developer was used to develop the rulesets and produce raster classification products for TCMA. The results were evaluated using randomly placed and independent verified assessment points. The classification product was analyzed at regional scales to compare distributions of tree canopy spatially and at different resolutions. The combination of spectral data and LiDAR through an OBIA method helped to improve the overall accuracy results providing more aesthetically pleasing maps of tree canopy with highly accurate results.}, + language = {en}, + urldate = {2021-06-25}, + author = {Knight, Joseph and Rampi, Lian and Host, Trevor}, + month = jan, + year = {2017}, + note = {Accepted: 2017-01-03T19:37:15Z}, +} + +@article{fassnacht_review_2016, + title = {Review of studies on tree species classification from remotely sensed data}, + volume = {186}, + issn = {00344257}, + url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0034425716303169}, + doi = {10.1016/j.rse.2016.08.013}, + abstract = {Spatially explicit information on tree species composition of managed and natural forests, plantations and urban vegetation provides valuable information for nature conservationists as well as for forest and urban managers and is frequently required over large spatial extents. Over the last four decades, advances in remote sensing technology have enabled the classification of tree species from several sensor types.}, + language = {en}, + urldate = {2021-05-30}, + journal = {Remote Sensing of Environment}, + author = {Fassnacht, Fabian Ewald and Latifi, Hooman and Stereńczak, Krzysztof and Modzelewska, Aneta and Lefsky, Michael and Waser, Lars T. and Straub, Christoph and Ghosh, Aniruddha}, + month = dec, + year = {2016}, + pages = {64--87}, +} + +@article{ginzler_entwicklungen_2017, + title = {Entwicklungen im {Bereich} der {Fernerkundung} für forstliche {Anwendungen}}, + volume = {168}, + issn = {0036-7818, 2235-1469}, + url = {http://meridian.allenpress.com/szf/article/168/3/118/128603/Entwicklungen-im-Bereich-der-Fernerkundung-f%C3%BCr}, + doi = {10.3188/szf.2017.0118}, + abstract = {In den letzten zehn Jahren sind im Bereich von Methoden und Daten der Fernerkundung für forstliche Anwendungen grosse Fortschritte erzielt worden. Viele Datensätze stehen nicht mehr nur für Fallstudien und Methodenentwicklungen zur Verfügung, sondern auch für die grossflächige Anwendung, und sie werden mittlerweile zum Teil auch in kurzen Abständen aktualisiert. Luftbilder, die auch das nahe Infrarot erfassen, werden heute dank den digitalen Kameras routinemässig aufgenommen. Farbinfrarot-Orthobilder lassen sich auf kantonaler und nationaler Ebene sehr einfach in die GIS-Anwendung einbinden. Daten aus flugzeuggetragenem Laserscanning sind für viele Anwendungen fast schon ein Standard geworden. Es existieren in die gewohnte Arbeitsumgebung integrierbare Werkzeuge, die es erlauben, mit den 3-D-Punktwolken Analysen sehr effizient durchzuführen und nützliche Produkte für den Waldbereich zu realisieren. Auch terrestrisches Laserscanning steht kurz vor der operationellen Anwendbarkeit. Fernerkundung entwickelt sich immer mehr zu einem Werkzeug für die praktische, tägliche Arbeit. Ist man sich der Möglichkeiten, aber auch der Grenzen bewusst, so vermag die Fernerkundung substanzielle Beiträge zur Unterstützung und Optimierung von terrestrischen Inventuren zu leisten und grossflächig Mehrwerte zu generieren.}, + language = {de}, + number = {3}, + urldate = {2021-05-30}, + journal = {Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen}, + author = {Ginzler, Christian and Waser, Lars T.}, + month = mar, + year = {2017}, + note = {Number: 3}, + pages = {118--126}, +} + +@article{lin_use_2015, + title = {Use of {UAV} oblique imaging for the detection of individual trees in residential environments}, + volume = {14}, + number = {2}, + journal = {Urban forestry \& urban greening}, + author = {Lin, Yi and Jiang, Miao and Yao, Yunjun and Zhang, Lifu and Lin, Jiayuan}, + year = {2015}, + note = {Number: 2 +Publisher: Elsevier}, + pages = {404--412}, +} + +@article{cleve_classification_2008, + series = {Geographical {Information} {Science} {Research} – {United} {Kingdom}}, + title = {Classification of the wildland–urban interface: {A} comparison of pixel- and object-based classifications using high-resolution aerial photography}, + volume = {32}, + issn = {0198-9715}, + shorttitle = {Classification of the wildland–urban interface}, + url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0198971507000737}, + doi = {10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2007.10.001}, + abstract = {The expansion of urban development into wildland areas can have significant consequences, including an increase in the risk of structural damage from wildfire. Land-use and land-cover maps can assist decision-makers in targeting and prioritizing risk mitigation activities, and remote sensing techniques provide effective and efficient methods to create such maps. However, some image processing approaches may be more appropriate than others in distinguishing land-use and land-cover categories, particularly when classifying high spatial resolution imagery for urbanizing environments. Here we explore the accuracy of pixel-based and object-based classification methods used for mapping in the wildland–urban interface (WUI) with free, readily available, high spatial resolution urban imagery, which is available in many places to municipal and local fire management agencies. Results indicate that an object-based classification approach provides a higher accuracy than a pixel-based classification approach when distinguishing between the selected land-use and land-cover categories. For example, an object-based approach resulted in a 41.73\% greater accuracy for the built area category, which is of particular importance to WUI wildfire mitigation.}, + language = {en}, + number = {4}, + urldate = {2021-06-25}, + journal = {Computers, Environment and Urban Systems}, + author = {Cleve, Casey and Kelly, Maggi and Kearns, Faith R. and Moritz, Max}, + month = jul, + year = {2008}, + note = {Number: 4}, + pages = {317--326}, +} + +@article{walker_object-oriented_2007, + title = {An {Object}-oriented {Approach} to {Urban} {Forest} {Mapping} in {Phoenix}}, + volume = {73}, + doi = {10.14358/PERS.73.5.577}, + abstract = {We present a classification procedure in order to delineate woody vegetation in an arid urban ecosystem using highresolution, true-color aerial photography. We adopted an object-oriented approach due to the physical nature of highresolution photography, in which the objects of interest +were typically composed of many pixels. The segmentation process was parameterized to isolate vegetation patches from shrubs to large trees. These objects were then spectrally analyzed for discrimination between woody vegetation and all other objects and a classification scheme developed. +Accuracy within subclasses was analyzed and indicated highest accuracy for large, dense vegetation. Error was caused by the following plant typologies: small vegetation, sparse canopy density, and gray vegetation. The outset of this procedure produces a binary matrix where the entire raster +set is classified highlighting the elements of the urban forest.}, + number = {5}, + journal = {Photogrammetric Engineering \& Remote Sensing}, + author = {Walker, Jason S. and Briggs, John M.}, + month = may, + year = {2007}, + note = {Number: 5}, + pages = {577--583}, +} + +@article{ellis_object-based_2019, + title = {Object-based delineation of urban tree canopy: {Assessing} change in {Oklahoma} {City}, 2006–2013}, + volume = {73}, + shorttitle = {Object-based delineation of urban tree canopy}, + journal = {Computers, Environment and Urban Systems}, + author = {Ellis, Emily A. and Mathews, Adam J.}, + year = {2019}, + note = {Publisher: Elsevier}, + pages = {85--94}, +} + +@article{rizvi_mapping_2019, + title = {Mapping {Trees} on {Farmlands} {Using} {Obia} {Method} and {High} {Resolution} {Satellite} {Data}: a {Case} {Study} of {Koraput} {District}, {Odisha}}, + volume = {42}, + shorttitle = {Mapping {Trees} on {Farmlands} {Using} {Obia} {Method} and {High} {Resolution} {Satellite} {Data}}, + number = {3/W6}, + journal = {International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences}, + author = {Rizvi, R. H. and Newaj, Ram and Srivastava, Shefali and Yadav, Maneesh}, + year = {2019}, + note = {Number: 3/W6}, +} + +@article{yurtseven_determination_2019, + title = {Determination and accuracy analysis of individual tree crown parameters using {UAV} based imagery and {OBIA} techniques}, + volume = {145}, + journal = {Measurement}, + author = {Yurtseven, Huseyin and Akgul, Mustafa and Coban, Suleyman and Gulci, Sercan}, + year = {2019}, + note = {Publisher: Elsevier}, + pages = {651--664}, +} + +@article{heumann_object-based_2011, + title = {An object-based classification of mangroves using a hybrid decision tree—{Support} vector machine approach}, + volume = {3}, + number = {11}, + journal = {Remote Sensing}, + author = {Heumann, Benjamin W.}, + year = {2011}, + note = {Number: 11 +Publisher: Molecular Diversity Preservation International}, + pages = {2440--2460}, +} + +@article{macfaden_high-resolution_2012, + title = {High-resolution tree canopy mapping for {New} {York} {City} using {LIDAR} and object-based image analysis}, + volume = {6}, + number = {1}, + journal = {Journal of Applied Remote Sensing}, + author = {MacFaden, Sean W. and O'Neil-Dunne, Jarlath PM and Royar, Anna R. and Lu, Jacqueling WT and Rundle, Andrew G.}, + year = {2012}, + note = {Number: 1 +Publisher: International Society for Optics and Photonics}, + pages = {063567}, +} + +@book{blaschke_object-based_2008, + title = {Object-{Based} {Image} {Analysis}: {Spatial} {Concepts} for {Knowledge}-{Driven} {Remote} {Sensing} {Applications}}, + isbn = {978-3-540-77058-9}, + shorttitle = {Object-{Based} {Image} {Analysis}}, + abstract = {This book brings together a collection of invited interdisciplinary persp- tives on the recent topic of Object-based Image Analysis (OBIA). Its c- st tent is based on select papers from the 1 OBIA International Conference held in Salzburg in July 2006, and is enriched by several invited chapters. All submissions have passed through a blind peer-review process resulting in what we believe is a timely volume of the highest scientific, theoretical and technical standards. The concept of OBIA first gained widespread interest within the GIScience (Geographic Information Science) community circa 2000, with the advent of the first commercial software for what was then termed ‘obje- oriented image analysis’. However, it is widely agreed that OBIA builds on older segmentation, edge-detection and classification concepts that have been used in remote sensing image analysis for several decades. Nevert- less, its emergence has provided a new critical bridge to spatial concepts applied in multiscale landscape analysis, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and the synergy between image-objects and their radiometric char- teristics and analyses in Earth Observation data (EO).}, + language = {en}, + publisher = {Springer Science \& Business Media}, + author = {Blaschke, Thomas and Lang, Stefan and Hay, Geoffrey}, + month = aug, + year = {2008}, +} + +@article{hay_object-based_nodate, + title = {{OBJECT}-{BASED} {IMAGE} {ANALYSIS}: {STRENGTHS}, {WEAKNESSES}, {OPPORTUNITIES} {AND} {THREATS} ({SWOT})}, + abstract = {As an emerging discipline, we propose a formal definition of OBIA, describe how OBIA came into existence, and as a road map to future research propose a fundamental objective. In order to provide potential strategies to meet this objective, we undertake a tentative SWOT Analysis to identify current Strengths, Weakness, Opportunities and Threats that OBIA faces, and discuss the results.}, + language = {en}, + author = {Hay, G J and Castilla, G}, + pages = {3}, +} + +@article{dragut_automated_2006, + title = {Automated classification of landform elements using object-based image analysis}, + volume = {81}, + issn = {0169-555X}, + url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169555X06001589}, + doi = {10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.04.013}, + abstract = {This paper presents an automated classification system of landform elements based on object-oriented image analysis. First, several data layers are produced from Digital Terrain Models (DTM): elevation, profile curvature, plan curvature and slope gradient. Second, relatively homogenous objects are delineated at several levels through image segmentation. These object primatives are classified as landform elements using a relative classification model, built both on the surface shape and on the altitudinal position of objects. So far, slope aspect was not used in classification. The classification has nine classes: peaks and toe slopes (defined by the altitudinal position or the degree of dominance), steep slopes and flat/gentle slopes (defined by slope gradients), shoulders and negative contacts (defined by profile curvatures), head slopes, side slopes and nose slopes (defined by plan curvatures). Classes are defined using flexible fuzzy membership functions. Results are visually analyzed by draping them over DTMs. Specific fuzzy classification options were used to obtain an assessment of output accuracy. Two implementations of the methodology are compared using (1) Romanian datasets and (2) Berchtesgaden National Park, Germany. The methodology has proven to be reproducible; readily adaptable for diverse landscapes and datasets; and useful in respect to providing additional information for geomorphological and landscape studies. A major advantage of this new methodology is its transferability, given that it uses only relative values and relative positions to neighboring objects. The methodology introduced in this paper can be used for almost any application where relationships between topographic features and other components of landscapes are to be assessed.}, + language = {en}, + number = {3}, + urldate = {2021-06-29}, + journal = {Geomorphology}, + author = {Drăguţ, Lucian and Blaschke, Thomas}, + month = nov, + year = {2006}, + note = {Number: 3}, + pages = {330--344}, +} + +@article{dzudzek_urbane_2020, + title = {Urbane {Gesundheitsgerechtigkeit}: Öko-sozialepidemiologische {Forschungsperspektiven} für eine {Kritische} {Stadtgeographie} verkörperter {Ungleichheiten}. {What} critical urban geography can learn from ecosocial epidemiology for researching embodied inequalities}, + volume = {108}, + issn = {0016-7479, 2365-3124}, + shorttitle = {Urbane {Gesundheitsgerechtigkeit}}, + url = {https://elibrary.steiner-verlag.de/article/10.25162/gz-2020-0005}, + doi = {10.25162/gz-2020-0005}, + abstract = {Health injustice kills on all spatial scales. The WHO agrees on this with the German Robert-Koch-Institute. Justice has been a core concern of human geography since David Harvey’s „Social Justice and the City“ (2009 [1973]). It is therefore astonishing that Critical Urban Geography, Medical and Health Geography have so far devoted little attention to this topic. Public Health scholars define “social determinants of health” mostly in terms of quantitative risk assessment. However, poverty, lack of education, migration experience, poor housing and exposure to environmental toxins in the city do not necessarily make people ill or automatically reduce their life expectancy.}, + language = {de}, + number = {4}, + urldate = {2021-04-18}, + journal = {Geographische Zeitschrift}, + author = {Dzudzek, Iris and Strüver, Anke}, + year = {2020}, + note = {Number: 4}, + pages = {249}, +} + +@incollection{baumgart_gesundheit_2018, + address = {Hannover}, + title = {Gesundheit in der {Raumplanung}}, + booktitle = {Handwörterbuch der {Stadt}‐ und {Raumentwicklung}}, + author = {Baumgart, Sabine and Rüdiger, Andrea}, + editor = {{ARL – Akademie für Raumforschung und Landesplanung}}, + year = {2018}, +} + +@article{weltgesundheitsorganisation_ottawa-charta_nodate, + title = {Ottawa-{Charta} zur {Gesundheitsförderung}, 1986}, + language = {de}, + author = {{Weltgesundheitsorganisation}}, + pages = {6}, +} + +@book{harvey_social_2010, + title = {Social {Justice} and the {City}}, + isbn = {978-0-8203-3604-6}, + abstract = {Throughout his distinguished and influential career, David Harvey has defined and redefined the relationship between politics, capitalism, and the social aspects of geographical theory. Laying out Harvey's position that geography could not remain objective in the face of urban poverty and associated ills, Social Justice and the City is perhaps the most widely cited work in the field. Harvey analyzes core issues in city planning and policy--employment and housing location, zoning, transport costs, concentrations of poverty--asking in each case about the relationship between social justice and space. How, for example, do built-in assumptions about planning reinforce existing distributions of income? Rather than leading him to liberal, technocratic solutions, Harvey's line of inquiry pushes him in the direction of a "revolutionary geography," one that transcends the structural limitations of existing approaches to space. Harvey's emphasis on rigorous thought and theoretical innovation gives the volume an enduring appeal. This is a book that raises big questions, and for that reason geographers and other social scientists regularly return to it.}, + language = {en}, + publisher = {University of Georgia Press}, + author = {Harvey, David}, + month = apr, + year = {2010}, + note = {Google-Books-ID: VCwLi2nVmooC}, +} + +@article{huster_gesundheitsgerechtigkeit_2008, + title = {Gesundheitsgerechtigkeit: {Public} {Health} im {Sozialstaat}}, + volume = {63}, + issn = {0022-6882}, + shorttitle = {Gesundheitsgerechtigkeit}, + url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/20829343}, + abstract = {Sowohl der Gesundheitszustand der Bevölkerung als auch die soziale Verteilung von Gesundheit hängen nicht primär von der medizinischen Versorgung, sondern von anderen, im weitesten Sinne sozialen Gesundheitsfaktoren ab. Diese Tatsache gerät zunehmend in das öffentliche Bewusstsein. Der Beitrag diskutiert die Frage, welche Konsequenzen sich aus dieser Erkenntnis für das Verfassungsrecht des Sozialstaats ergeben.}, + number = {18}, + urldate = {2021-04-18}, + journal = {JuristenZeitung}, + author = {Huster, Stefan}, + year = {2008}, + note = {Number: 18 +Publisher: Mohr Siebeck GmbH \& Co. KG}, + pages = {859--867}, +} + +@article{lampert_gesundheitliche_2018, + title = {Gesundheitliche {Ungleichheit} in {Deutschland} und im internationalen {Vergleich}: {Zeitliche} {Entwicklungen} und {Trends}}, + copyright = {(CC BY 4.0) Namensnennung 4.0 International}, + shorttitle = {Gesundheitliche {Ungleichheit} in {Deutschland} und im internationalen {Vergleich}}, + url = {https://edoc.rki.de/handle/176904/3045}, + doi = {10.25646/2970}, + abstract = {Die sozialepidemiologische Forschung und die Gesundheitsberichterstattung haben inzwischen überzeugend belegt, dass Personen mit niedrigem im Vergleich zu denjenigen mit höherem sozioökonomischen Status von vielen Krankheiten, Beschwerden und Funktionseinschränkungen verstärkt betroffen sind und zu einem größeren Anteil vorzeitig sterben. Als Gründe hierfür werden unter anderem stärkere Belastungen am Arbeitsplatz, in der Wohnumgebung und im familiären und sozialen Umfeld diskutiert. Daneben dürften soziale Unterschiede im Gesundheitsverhalten sowie in den verfügbaren sozialen und personalen Ressourcen, die zum Beispiel bei der Bewältigung von Anforderungen und Belastungen zum Tragen kommen, eine Rolle spielen. Aus Sicht von Public Health und Gesundheitspolitik stellt die Verringerung dieser gesundheitlichen Ungleichheit ein wichtiges Ziel dar. Erkenntnisse über zeitliche Entwicklungen und Trends der gesundheitlichen Ungleichheit können dazu beitragen, auf neue oder sich verfestigende Problemlagen und damit auch auf mögliche Zielgruppen und Settings für Interventionen hinzuweisen. Außerdem stellen sie eine Voraussetzung für die Bewertung und Erfolgskontrolle umgesetzter politischer Maßnahmen und Programme dar. Vor diesem Hintergrund geht die vorliegende Übersichtsarbeit der Frage nach, wie sich die gesundheitliche Ungleichheit in Deutschland über die letzten 20 bis 30 Jahre entwickelt hat und ordnet die Ergebnisse in den internationalen Forschungsstand ein.}, + language = {ger}, + urldate = {2021-04-18}, + author = {Lampert, Thomas and Kroll, Lars Eric and Kuntz, Benjamin and Hoebel, Jens}, + month = mar, + year = {2018}, + note = {Accepted: 2018-05-07T21:16:41Z +Publisher: Robert Koch-Institut, Epidemiologie und Gesundheitsberichterstattung}, +} + +@article{andor_praferenzen_2020, + title = {Präferenzen und {Einstellungen} zu vieldiskutierten verkehrspolitischen {Maßnahmen}: {Ergebnisse} einer {Erhebung} aus dem {Jahr} 2018}, + volume = {45}, + issn = {0937-0862}, + shorttitle = {Präferenzen und {Einstellungen} zu vieldiskutierten verkehrspolitischen {Maßnahmen}}, + doi = {10.1007/s41025-019-00184-x}, + abstract = {Zusammenfassung +Der Autoverkehr ist in vielen Städten zu einer hohen Belastung geworden. Um die Alternativen zum Autoverkehr zu stärken, kursiert eine Vielzahl von Vorschlägen, etwa der Ausbau von Fahrradwegen, wenn nötig auch auf Kosten des Autoverkehrs. Dieser Beitrag präsentiert die Ergebnisse einer Erhebung unter knapp 7000 Haushaltsvorständen aus dem Jahr 2018, mit der die Zustimmung zu derartigen Vorschlägen eruiert wurde. Die daraus resultierenden Ergebnisse sind zwiespältiger Natur. Einerseits stimmt beispielsweise die absolute Mehrheit von 69 \% der Befragten für die Ausweisung von für Busse reservierter Fahrstreifen auf staubelasteten Straßen und knapp die Hälfte ist für Fahrverbote für Fahrzeuge, die Schadstoffgrenzwerte überschreiten. Andererseits ist die absolute Mehrheit von 57,3 \% der Befragten gegen höhere Kosten für das Parken in Innenstädten und knapp die Hälfte lehnt ein Verbot von Fahrzeugen mit Verbrennungsmotor ab dem Jahr 2035 ab.}, + language = {ger}, + number = {3}, + journal = {List Forum für Wirtschafts- und Finanzpolitik}, + author = {Andor, Mark A. and Frondel, Manuel and Horvath, Marco and Larysch, Tobias and Ruhrort, Lisa}, + year = {2020}, + note = {Number: 3 +Place: Berlin/Heidelberg +Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg}, + pages = {255--280}, +} + +@book{birkmann_raumentwicklung_2013, + address = {Hannover}, + title = {Raumentwicklung im {Klimawandel}: {Herausforderungen} für die räumliche {Planung}}, + isbn = {978-3-88838-073-0}, + author = {Birkmann, Jörn and Schanze, Jochen and Vollmer, Maike}, + year = {2013}, +} + +@book{sander_berliner_2020, + address = {Berlin}, + series = {Analysen}, + title = {Die {Berliner} {Verkehrswende}: von der auto-zur mobilitätsgerechten {Stadt}}, + shorttitle = {Die {Berliner} {Verkehrswende}}, + language = {ger}, + number = {Nr. 60}, + publisher = {Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung}, + author = {Sander, Hendrik}, + year = {2020}, +} + +@article{lieber_berlin_2018, + title = {Berlin schreibt {Verkehrsgeschichte}}, + volume = {68}, + issn = {0948-2210}, + url = {https://trid.trb.org/view/1586835}, + number = {3}, + urldate = {2022-03-24}, + journal = {Zeitschrift fuer Verkehrserziehung}, + author = {Lieber, K.}, + month = sep, + year = {2018}, + note = {Number: 3}, +} + +@article{schafer_volle_2020, + title = {Volle {Fahrt} {Richtung} {Verkehrswende}. {Wie} {Fahrradentscheide} als direktdemokratisches {Instrument} die {Republik} erobern}, + volume = {69}, + copyright = {Alle Open Access-Inhalte der Zeitschriften des Verlags Barbara Budrich, die ab dem 01.01.2021 veröffentlicht wurden, nutzen die Modullizenz CC BY 4.0 . Dies bedeutet, dass die Verbreitung, Speicherung, Bearbeitung und Vervielfältigung erlaubt sind, wenn: (a) Urheber-, Rechte- und Lizenzangaben sowie der Verweis auf Bearbeitung angemessen gemacht werden. [gültig bis Ende 2020: CC BY-SA 4.0 ] [gültig bis Anfang 2018: CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 ]}, + issn = {2196-1654}, + url = {https://www.budrich-journals.de/index.php/gwp/article/view/35378}, + abstract = {Leseprobe ----- Zusammenfassung Vor dem Hintergrund der Klimadebatte werden die Forderungen nach einer Verkehrswende immer lauter. Gefordert wird hierbei mit zunehmender Vehemenz der gezielte und nachhaltige Ausbau der Fahrradinfrastruktur. Um dies zu erreichen, haben sich in den vergangenen Jahren bundesweit zahlreiche Bürgerinitiativen gegründet. Unter Anwendung direktdemokratischer Instrumente – insbesondere dem Bürgerbegehren – haben sie es geschafft, dem Radverkehr zu nie dagewesener Wichtigkeit auf der politischen Agenda zu verhelfen. Schlagwörter: Fahrradentscheid, Bürgerinitiative, Bürgerbegehren, Direkte Demokratie, Verkehrswende ----- Bibliographie: Schäfer, Karsten: Volle Fahrt Richtung Verkehrswende. Wie Fahrradentscheide als direktdemokratisches Instrument die Republik erobern, GWP – Gesellschaft. Wirtschaft. Politik, 2-2020, S. 149-155. https://doi.org/10.3224/gwp.v69i2.05}, + language = {de}, + number = {2}, + urldate = {2022-03-24}, + journal = {GWP – Gesellschaft. Wirtschaft. Politik}, + author = {Schäfer, Karsten}, + month = aug, + year = {2020}, + note = {Number: 2}, +} + +@incollection{schneidemesser_offentliche_2020, + address = {Potsdam, Deutschland}, + title = {Öffentliche {Mobilität} und neue {Formen} der {Governance}: das {Beispiel} {Volksentscheid} {Fahrra}}, + copyright = {cc by}, + shorttitle = {Öffentliche {Mobilität} und neue {Formen} der {Governance}}, + url = {https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC7876707}, + abstract = {Der Anstoß für Deutschlands erstes Fahrradgesetz kam aus der Zivilgesellschaft. Der Impuls entstand aus dem weiterhin ungeklärten Konflikt zwischen der Autofixierung der konservativen deutschen Verkehrspolitik und dem progressiven Wunsch nach einer nachhaltigen Mobilität, die sich an den Bedürfnissen der Bürger*innen orientieren soll und eine Umverteilung des Straßenraumes zugunsten des Radverkehrs erforderte. Dass Verkehr nachhaltiger gestaltet werden muss, war Konsens. Über das Wie gingen die Meinungen stark auseinander.}, + language = {deu}, + urldate = {2022-03-24}, + booktitle = {Öffentliche {MobilitätVoraussetzungen} für eine menschengerechte {Verkehrsplanung}}, + author = {Schneidemesser, Dirk}, + month = oct, + year = {2020}, + pmcid = {PMC7876707}, + pages = {139--163}, +} + +@misc{noauthor_vis_2022, + title = {{VIS} {Berlin} - § 1 {MobG} {BE} {\textbar} {Landesnorm} {Berlin} {\textbar} {Zweck} des {Gesetzes} {\textbar} § 1 - {Zweck} des {Gesetzes} {\textbar} gültig ab: 18.07.2018}, + url = {https://gesetze.berlin.de/bsbe/document/jlr-MobGBEpP1}, + urldate = {2022-03-23}, + month = mar, + year = {2022}, +} + +@article{ludemann_berlin_2018, + title = {Berlin dreht sich - vom {Motto} zum {Erfolg}}, + volume = {22}, + issn = {1434-3304}, + language = {ger}, + number = {1}, + journal = {Umweltpsychologie}, + author = {Lüdemann, Martin and Strößenreuther, Heinrich}, + year = {2018}, + note = {Number: 1}, + pages = {105--130}, +} + +@article{levels_re-_2020, + title = {({Re}-) claiming urban streets: {The} conflicting (auto)mobilities of cycling and driving in {Berlin} and {New} {York} 1}, + volume = {41}, + issn = {0022-5266}, + doi = {10.1177/0022526620941200}, + abstract = {In the course of the twentieth century, planners have transformed cities by creating an “automobile urban fabric” and increasingly produced urban streets as spaces of “automobile inclusion”, ordered by a seemingly rational “traffic logic”. Streets have been primarily coded as a space for cars while excluding other traffic modes such as cyclists or pedestrians as well as uses that are not connected to movement. It is this logic and street code that the contemporary ideal of sustainable urban mobility aims to transform: streets should be made for people and accommodate different modes of mobility to overcome cars’ supremacy. This paper takes current planning processes and developments in Berlin and New York as a starting point to explore cyclists’ interest in street space and how it has historically developed since the mid-nineteenth century. Thereby, it will show that the history of urban automobility and urban cycling are deeply intertwined.}, + language = {english}, + number = {3}, + journal = {Journal of transport history}, + author = {Levels, Annika}, + year = {2020}, + note = {Number: 3 +Place: London, England +Publisher: SAGE Publications +tex.copyright: The Author(s) 2020}, + pages = {381--401}, +} + +@incollection{becker_akzeptanzbedingungen_2019, + address = {Wiesbaden, Germany}, + series = {Energietransformation}, + title = {Akzeptanzbedingungen politischer {Maßnahmen} für die {Verkehrswende}: {Das} {Fallbeispiel} {Berliner} {Mobilitätsgesetz}}, + isbn = {3-658-24759-2}, + abstract = {Die Verkehrswende ist ein sozio-technischer Transformationsprozess, der ohne die Akzeptanz der Bevölkerung nicht gelingen kann. Konzeptionell sind drei Stufen der Akzeptanz zu unterscheiden: (i) Toleranz, (ii) positive Einstellung und (iii) aktives Engagement (Renn 2013). Die beiden letzteren Stufen der Akzeptanz treten nur unter förderlichen Bedingungen auf. Dabei kommt es vor allem auf die Erwartungen der Bürgerinnen und Bürger über die Auswirkungen einer Maßnahme an. Es gilt sowohl (i) individuelle und (ii) kollektive Auswirkungen als auch (iii) die wahrgenommene Verteilungsgerechtigkeit der Auswirkungen zu berücksichtigen. Zur Illustration der verschiedenen Stufen und Bedingungen von Akzeptanz im Kontext verkehrspolitischer Maßnahmen der Verkehrswende behandeln wir als aktuelles Fallbeispiel die ENavi-Modellregion Berlin. Angestoßen durch bürgerschaftliches Engagement im „Volksentscheid Fahrrad“ wurde hier ein umfassendes „Mobilitätsgesetz“ (MobG) unter Mitwirkung zivilgesellschaftlicher Organisationen erarbeitet, das im Juni 2018 verabschiedet wurde.}, + language = {german}, + booktitle = {Akzeptanz und politische {Partizipation} in der {Energietransformation}}, + publisher = {Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden}, + author = {Becker, Sophia and Renn, Ortwin}, + year = {2019}, + note = {ISSN: 2523-742X +tex.copyright: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, ein Teil von Springer Nature 2019}, + pages = {109--130}, +} + +@book{schwedes_offentliche_2021, + address = {Wiesbaden, Germany}, + title = {Öffentliche {Mobilität} : {Voraussetzungen} für eine menschengerechte {Verkehrsplanung}}, + isbn = {978-3-658-32106-2}, + publisher = {Springer VS}, + author = {Schwedes, Oliver}, + year = {2021}, + doi = {10.1007/978-3-658-32106-2}, +} + +@book{ruhrort_transformation_2019, + address = {Wiesbaden, Germany}, + series = {Studien zur {Mobilitäts}- und {Verkehrsforschung} {Band} 44}, + title = {Transformation im {Verkehr} : {Erfolgsbedingungen} für verkehrspolitische {Schlüsselmaßnahmen}}, + isbn = {978-3-658-28002-4}, + publisher = {Springer VS}, + author = {Ruhrort, Lisa}, + year = {2019}, + doi = {10.1007/978-3-658-28002-4}, +} + +@misc{senatsverwaltung_fur_justiz_verbraucherschutz_und_antidiskriminierung_berliner_2018, + title = {Berliner {Mobilitätsgesetz} {Vom} 5. {Juli} 2018* ({MobG} {BE})}, + author = {{Senatsverwaltung für Justiz, Verbraucherschutz und Antidiskriminierung}}, + year = {2018}, + note = {Issue: 9240-4 +Sponsors: \_:n131}, +} + +@article{becker_drei_2021, + title = {Drei {Jahre} {Berliner} {Mobilitätsgesetz} : {Wie} der institutionelle {Umbau} die {Berliner} {Verwaltung} handlungsfähig für die {Umsetzung} macht}, + volume = {73}, + issn = {0020-9511}, + shorttitle = {Drei {Jahre} {Berliner} {Mobilitätsgesetz}}, + url = {https://publications.iass-potsdam.de/pubman/faces/ViewItemFullPage.jsp?itemId=item_6001166_3&view=EXPORT}, + abstract = {Author: Becker, Sophia et al.; Genre: Journal Article; Finally published : 2021-09; Open Access; Keywords: Berliner Mobilitätsgesetz, Implementierung, Planungsrecht, Radverkehr, ÖPNV, Fußverkehr; Title: Drei Jahre Berliner Mobilitätsgesetz : Wie der institutionelle Umbau die Berliner Verwaltung handlungsfähig für die Umsetzung macht}, + language = {deu}, + number = {3}, + urldate = {2021-11-07}, + journal = {Internationales Verkehrswesen}, + author = {Becker, Sophia and Sterz, Anke}, + month = sep, + year = {2021}, + note = {Number: 3 +Publisher: Trialog Publishers Verlagsgesellschaft}, + pages = {10--16}, +} + +@book{jensch_erde_1975, + address = {Braunschweig}, + edition = {2. Aufl}, + series = {Das geographische {Seminar}}, + title = {Die {Erde} und ihre {Darstellung} im {Kartenbild}}, + isbn = {978-3-14-160286-9}, + language = {ger}, + publisher = {Westermann}, + author = {JENSCH, GEORG}, + year = {1975}, +} + +@book{hake_thematische_1970, + title = {Thematische {Karten}, {Atlanten}, kartenverwandte {Darstellungen}, {Kartentechnik}, {Kartenauswertung}}, + isbn = {978-3-11-232159-1}, + url = {https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783112321591/html}, + urldate = {2022-02-25}, + publisher = {De Gruyter}, + author = {Hake, Günter}, + month = dec, + year = {1970}, + doi = {10.1515/9783112321591}, +} + +@book{noauthor_geographie_2022, + title = {Geographie, {Kartographie}, {Umweltforschung}: {Edgar} {Lehmann} zum 75. {Geburstag}}, + isbn = {978-3-11-250448-2}, + shorttitle = {Geographie, {Kartographie}, {Umweltforschung}}, + url = {https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783112504482/html}, + language = {de}, + urldate = {2022-02-25}, + publisher = {De Gruyter}, + month = jan, + year = {2022}, + doi = {10.1515/9783112504482}, + note = {Publication Title: Geographie, Kartographie, Umweltforschung}, +} + +@book{schultz_okozonen_2008, + address = {Stuttgart}, + edition = {4., völlig neu bearb. Aufl.}, + title = {Die Ökozonen der {Erde}: 18 {Tabellen} / {Jürgen} {Schultz}.}, + isbn = {978-3-8252-1514-9}, + shorttitle = {Die Ökozonen der {Erde}}, + abstract = {Auch als Online-Ressource, Jürgen Schultz.}, + language = {ger}, + publisher = {Ulmer}, + author = {Schultz, Jürgen}, + year = {2008}, +} + +@book{bluthgen_lehrbuch_2019, + address = {Berlin ; Boston}, + edition = {Reprint 2018}, + title = {Lehrbuch der {Allgemeinen} {Geographie}. {Band} 2, {Allgemeine} {Klimageographie}}, + isbn = {978-3-11-172185-9}, + url = {https://doi.org/10.1515/9783111721859}, + abstract = {Frontmatter -- Vorwort / Inhaltsverzeichnis -- I. Einleitung -- II. Analytische Klimageographie -- III. Synoptische Klimageographie -- IV. Allgemeine Zirkulation der Atmosphäre -- V. Allgemeine Klimatypen -- VI. Klimaschwankungen -- VII. Die Klassifikationen der Klimate -- VIII. Die Beeinflussung des Klimas durch den Menschen -- IX. Akklimatisationsprobleme -- X. Literatur -- Sach- und Ortsregister -- Backmatter, In German., Joachim Blüthgen; Erich Obst., \$\$CAVEFUEM\$\$V}, + language = {ger}, + urldate = {2020-01-14}, + publisher = {De Gruyter}, + author = {Blüthgen, Joachim}, + collaborator = {Erich, Obst}, + year = {2019}, +} + +@book{strahler_physische_1999, + address = {Stuttgart}, + title = {Physische {Geographie}: 36 {Tabellen} / {Alan} {H}. {Strahler} ; {Arthur} {N}. {Strahler}.}, + isbn = {978-3-8252-8159-5}, + shorttitle = {Physische {Geographie}}, + abstract = {Alan H. Strahler ; Arthur N. Strahler.}, + language = {ger}, + publisher = {Ulmer}, + author = {Strahler, Alan H.}, + collaborator = {Arthur Newell, Strahler}, + year = {1999}, +} + +@article{gottlebe_klimatische_nodate, + title = {Klimatische {Verhältnisse} in {Mitzic}, {Gabun}}, + copyright = {Creative Commons Namensnennung - Nicht kommerziell - Keine Bearbeitungen 4.0 Internationale Lizenz (CC-BY-NC-ND)}, + language = {de}, + author = {Gottlebe, Joaquin}, + pages = {10}, +} + +@article{cook_dust_2008, + title = {Dust and sea surface temperature forcing of the 1930s “{Dust} {Bowl}” drought}, + volume = {35}, + issn = {0094-8276}, + url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/2008GL033486}, + doi = {10.1029/2008GL033486}, + language = {en}, + number = {8}, + urldate = {2022-05-08}, + journal = {Geophysical Research Letters}, + author = {Cook, Benjamin I. and Miller, Ron L. and Seager, Richard}, + month = apr, + year = {2008}, + note = {Number: 8}, + pages = {L08710}, +} + +@article{issenschaft_gesellschaft_nodate, + title = {{GESELLSCHAFT}. {ORGANISATION}}, + language = {de}, + journal = {Bildung für eine nachhaltige Entwicklung}, + author = {Issenschaft, W}, + pages = {14}, +} + +@article{wissenschaftlicher_beirat_der_bundesregierung_globale_umweltveranderungen_welt_1996, + title = {Welt im {Wandel}: {Herausforderung} für die deutsche {Wissenschaft} - {Jahresgutachten} 1996}, + language = {de}, + author = {{Wissenschaftlicher Beirat der Bundesregierung Globale Umweltveränderungen}}, + year = {1996}, + pages = {218}, +} + +@article{cook_amplification_2009, + title = {Amplification of the {North} {American} “{Dust} {Bowl}” drought through human-induced land degradation}, + volume = {106}, + issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490}, + url = {https://pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.0810200106}, + doi = {10.1073/pnas.0810200106}, + abstract = {The “Dust Bowl” drought of the 1930s was highly unusual for North America, deviating from the typical pattern forced by “La Nina” with the maximum drying in the central and northern Plains, warm temperature anomalies across almost the entire continent, and widespread dust storms. General circulation models (GCMs), forced by sea surface temperatures (SSTs) from the 1930s, produce a drought, but one that is centered in southwestern North America and without the warming centered in the middle of the continent. Here, we show that the inclusion of forcing from human land degradation during the period, in addition to the anomalous SSTs, is necessary to reproduce the anomalous features of the Dust Bowl drought. The degradation over the Great Plains is represented in the GCM as a reduction in vegetation cover and the addition of a soil dust aerosol source, both consequences of crop failure. As a result of land surface feedbacks, the simulation of the drought is much improved when the new dust aerosol and vegetation boundary conditions are included. Vegetation reductions explain the high temperature anomaly over the northern U.S., and the dust aerosols intensify the drought and move it northward of the purely ocean-forced drought pattern. When both factors are included in the model simulations, the precipitation and temperature anomalies are of similar magnitude and in a similar location compared with the observations. Human-induced land degradation is likely to have not only contributed to the dust storms of the 1930s but also amplified the drought, and these together turned a modest SST-forced drought into one of the worst environmental disasters the U.S. has experienced.}, + language = {en}, + number = {13}, + urldate = {2022-05-07}, + journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, + author = {Cook, Benjamin I. and Miller, Ron L. and Seager, Richard}, + month = mar, + year = {2009}, + note = {Number: 13}, + pages = {4997--5001}, +} + +@article{pujalte_rapid_2022, + title = {A rapid sedimentary response to the {Paleocene}-{Eocene} {Thermal} {Maximum} hydrological change: {New} data from alluvial units of the {Tremp}-{Graus} {Basin} ({Spanish} {Pyrenees})}, + volume = {589}, + issn = {00310182}, + shorttitle = {A rapid sedimentary response to the {Paleocene}-{Eocene} {Thermal} {Maximum} hydrological change}, + url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0031018221006039}, + doi = {10.1016/j.palaeo.2021.110818}, + abstract = {A massive emission of light carbon about 56 Ma, recorded in marine and terrestrial sediments by a negative carbon isotope excursion (CIE), caused a short-lived ({\textasciitilde}170 kyr) global warming event known as the Paleo­ cene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM). The onset and core of this event is represented in the south Pyrenean Tremp-Graus Basin by two successive alluvial units, the Claret Conglomerate (CC) and the Yellowish Soils, which represent laterally juxtaposed depositional environments. It is generally agreed that these units record a dramatic increase in seasonal rain and an increased intra-annual humidity gradient during the PETM, but the timing of the sedimentary response to this hydrological change is a matter of debate. Some authors maintain that the CC was developed during the early, most intense phase of the carbon emission, others that its formation lagged by 16.5 ± 7.5 kyr behind the onset of the PETM. The latter claim was mainly based on the assumption that in two sections of this basin, Claret and Tendrui, the onset of the CIE occurs 3 and 8 m below the base of the CC, respectively. Here we show that in some zones between these two sections the CC was not deposited and the Yellowish Soil unit rests directly and conformably on the underlying Esplugafreda Formation. New δ13Corg data from this intervening zone provide evidence that the onset of the CIE is situated just {\textasciitilde}1 m below the Yellowish Soils. In adjacent sections the CC erosional base cuts down deeper than 5 m, thus removing or obscuring the chemostratigraphically-defined base of the PETM. A tentative estimate based on averaged sedimentation rates indicates that {\textasciitilde}3.8 kyr, or less, may have elapsed from the onset of the CIE to the arrival of PETM alluvium into the Claret-Tendrui study area, less than half of the lowest estimate of previous authors. Since the study area was situated about 15 km from the source area, our new estimate supports a rapid response of the sedimentary system to the hydrological change at the onset of the PETM.}, + language = {en}, + urldate = {2022-06-20}, + journal = {Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology}, + author = {Pujalte, Victoriano and Schmitz, Birger and Payros, Aitor}, + month = mar, + year = {2022}, + pages = {110818}, +} + +@article{duller_delayed_2019, + title = {Delayed sedimentary response to abrupt climate change at the {Paleocene}-{Eocene} boundary, northern {Spain}}, + volume = {47}, + issn = {0091-7613}, + url = {https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology/article/47/2/159/568103/Delayed-sedimentary-response-to-abrupt-climate}, + doi = {10.1130/G45631.1}, + abstract = {Sediment routing systems (SRSs) are a critical element of the global response to ongoing climate change. However SRS response to climate forcing is complex, fragmentary, and obscured when viewed over short, human time scales (10−1–102 yr). Over long time scales ({\textgreater}102–103 yr), the aggregated, system-wide response of SRSs to climate forcing can be gleaned with more confidence from the sedimentary record, but the nature and time scales of this aggregated response to abrupt climate change are still poorly understood. Here, we investigate the aggregated temporal response of a SRS in northern Spain to abrupt climate warming at the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum (PETM). Our results show that terrestrial sites in northern Spain record a temporal lag of 16.5 ± 7.5 k.y. between the onset of the PETM, defined by an abrupt negative excursion in the δ13C profile, and the onset of coarse-grained deposition. Within the same SRS at a deep marine site 500 km to the west, we observe a temporal lag of 16.5 ± 1.5 k.y. using an age model that is independent of that used for the terrestrial sites. These results suggest that the aggregated, system-wide response of SRSs to presentday global warming—if we take the PETM as an appropriate modern-day analogue—may persist for many millennia into the future.}, + language = {en}, + number = {2}, + urldate = {2022-06-20}, + journal = {Geology}, + author = {Duller, Robert A. and Armitage, John J. and Manners, Hayley R. and Grimes, Stephen and Jones, Tom Dunkley}, + month = feb, + year = {2019}, + pages = {159--162}, +} + +@book{tipler_physik_2019, + address = {Berlin, Heidelberg}, + title = {Physik: für {Studierende} der {Naturwissenschaften} und {Technik}}, + isbn = {978-3-662-58280-0 978-3-662-58281-7}, + shorttitle = {Physik}, + url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-662-58281-7}, + language = {de}, + urldate = {2022-06-04}, + publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg}, + author = {Tipler, Paul A. and Mosca, Gene}, + editor = {Kersten, Peter and Wagner, Jenny}, + year = {2019}, + doi = {10.1007/978-3-662-58281-7}, +} + +@book{luders_pohls_2017, + address = {Cham}, + title = {Pohl's {Introduction} to {Physics}}, + isbn = {978-3-319-40044-0 978-3-319-40046-4}, + url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-40046-4}, + language = {en}, + urldate = {2022-06-04}, + publisher = {Springer International Publishing}, + editor = {Lüders, Klaus and Pohl, Robert O.}, + year = {2017}, + doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-40046-4}, +} + +@book{giancoli_physik_2011, + address = {München}, + edition = {3., erw. Aufl., [Nachdr.]}, + series = {Physik}, + title = {Physik: {Lehr}- und Übungsbuch}, + isbn = {978-3-86894-023-7}, + shorttitle = {Physik}, + language = {de}, + publisher = {Pearson Studium}, + author = {Giancoli, Douglas C. and Eibl, Oliver and Giancoli, Douglas C.}, + year = {2011}, +} + +@book{demtroder_experimentalphysik_2018, + address = {Berlin, Heidelberg}, + series = {Springer-{Lehrbuch}}, + title = {Experimentalphysik 1}, + isbn = {978-3-662-54846-2 978-3-662-54847-9}, + url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-662-54847-9}, + language = {de}, + urldate = {2022-06-04}, + publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg}, + author = {Demtröder, Wolfgang}, + year = {2018}, + doi = {10.1007/978-3-662-54847-9}, +} + +@book{meschede_gerthsen_2015, + address = {Berlin, Heidelberg}, + series = {Springer-{Lehrbuch}}, + title = {Gerthsen {Physik}}, + isbn = {978-3-662-45976-8 978-3-662-45977-5}, + url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-662-45977-5}, + language = {de}, + urldate = {2022-06-04}, + publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg}, + author = {Meschede, Dieter}, + year = {2015}, + doi = {10.1007/978-3-662-45977-5}, +}