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<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Artificial Surface Materials at Golm</title><meta property="og:title" content="Artificial Surface Materials at Golm"><meta charset="UTF-8"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,height=device-height,initial-scale=1.0"><meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge"><meta property="og:type" content="website"><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"><style>@media screen{body[data-bespoke-view=""] .bespoke-marp-parent>.bespoke-marp-osc>button,body[data-bespoke-view=next] .bespoke-marp-parent>.bespoke-marp-osc>button,body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-container button,body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-note-container 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.bespoke-marp-note.active{display:block}body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-note-container .bespoke-marp-note p:first-child{margin-top:0}body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-note-container .bespoke-marp-note p:last-child{margin-bottom:0}body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-container{align-items:center;box-sizing:border-box;color:#eee;display:flex;flex-wrap:nowrap;grid-area:info;justify-content:center;overflow:hidden;padding:0 10px}body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-page,body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-time,body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-timer{box-sizing:border-box;display:block;padding:0 10px;white-space:nowrap;width:100%}body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-container button{height:1.5em;line-height:1.5em;width:1.5em}body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-page{order:2;text-align:center}body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-page .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-page-text{display:inline-block;min-width:120px;text-align:center}body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-time{color:#999;order:1;text-align:left}body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-timer{color:#999;order:3;text-align:right}body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-timer:hover{cursor:pointer}}@media print{.bespoke-marp-presenter-info-container,.bespoke-marp-presenter-next-container,.bespoke-marp-presenter-note-container{display:none}}</style><style>div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section{width:1280px;height:720px;box-sizing:border-box;overflow:hidden;position:relative;scroll-snap-align:center center;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;text-size-adjust:100%}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section::after{bottom:0;content:attr(data-marpit-pagination);padding:inherit;pointer-events:none;position:absolute;right:0}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:not([data-marpit-pagination])::after{display:none}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h1, marp-h1){font-size:2em;margin-block:0.67em}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section video::-webkit-media-controls{will-change:transform}@page {size:1280px 720px;margin:0}@media print{html, body{background-color:#fff;margin:0;page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-page}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section{page-break-before:always;break-before:page}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section, div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section *{-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact!important;animation-delay:0s!important;animation-duration:0s!important;color-adjust:exact!important;print-color-adjust:exact!important;transition:none!important}div#\:\$p > svg[data-marpit-svg]{display:block;height:100vh;width:100vw}}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > :where(section){container-type:size}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section mjx-container[jax="SVG"]{direction:ltr}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section mjx-container[jax="SVG"] > svg{overflow:visible;min-height:1px;min-width:1px}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section mjx-container[jax="SVG"] > svg a{fill:blue;stroke:blue}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section mjx-container[jax="SVG"][display="true"]{display:block;text-align:center;margin:1em 0}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section mjx-container[jax="SVG"][display="true"][width="full"]{display:flex}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section mjx-container[jax="SVG"][justify="left"]{text-align:left}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section mjx-container[jax="SVG"][justify="right"]{text-align:right}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section g[data-mml-node="merror"] > g{fill:red;stroke:red}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section g[data-mml-node="merror"] > rect[data-background]{fill:yellow;stroke:none}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section g[data-mml-node="mtable"] > line[data-line], div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section svg[data-table] > g > line[data-line]{stroke-width:70px;fill:none}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section g[data-mml-node="mtable"] > rect[data-frame], div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section svg[data-table] > g > rect[data-frame]{stroke-width:70px;fill:none}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section g[data-mml-node="mtable"] > .mjx-dashed, div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section svg[data-table] > g > .mjx-dashed{stroke-dasharray:140}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section g[data-mml-node="mtable"] > .mjx-dotted, div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section svg[data-table] > g > .mjx-dotted{stroke-linecap:round;stroke-dasharray:0,140}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section g[data-mml-node="mtable"] > g > svg{overflow:visible}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section [jax="SVG"] mjx-tool{display:inline-block;position:relative;width:0;height:0}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section [jax="SVG"] mjx-tool > mjx-tip{position:absolute;top:0;left:0}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section mjx-tool > mjx-tip{display:inline-block;padding:.2em;border:1px solid #888;font-size:70%;background-color:#F8F8F8;color:black;box-shadow:2px 2px 5px #AAAAAA}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section g[data-mml-node="maction"][data-toggle]{cursor:pointer}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section mjx-status{display:block;position:fixed;left:1em;bottom:1em;min-width:25%;padding:.2em .4em;border:1px solid #888;font-size:90%;background-color:#F8F8F8;color:black}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section foreignObject[data-mjx-xml]{font-family:initial;line-height:normal;overflow:visible}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section mjx-container[jax="SVG"] path[data-c], div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section mjx-container[jax="SVG"] use[data-c]{stroke-width:3}@media print{div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section mjx-container[jax=SVG] path[data-c],div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section mjx-container[jax=SVG] use[data-c]{stroke-width:0}}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section img[data-marp-twemoji]{background:transparent;height:1em;margin:0 .05em 0 .1em;vertical-align:-.1em;width:1em}/*!
* Marp / Marpit Uncover theme
*
* @theme uncover
* @author Yuki Hattori
*
* @auto-scaling true
* @size 16:9 1280px 720px
* @size 4:3 960px 720px
*/div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section{--color-background:#fdfcff;--color-background-code:#f2f1f4;--color-background-paginate:rgba(32,34,40,.05);--color-foreground:#202228;--color-highlight:#009dd5;--color-highlight-hover:#087eaa;--color-highlight-heading:#33b1dd;--color-header:rgba(32,34,40,.4);--color-header-shadow:rgba(253,252,255,.8);background:var(--color-background);color:var(--color-foreground);display:block;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Open Sans,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;font-size:40px;height:720px;letter-spacing:3px;line-height:1.4;padding:30px 70px;place-content:safe center center;position:relative;text-align:center;width:1280px;word-wrap:break-word;align-items:stretch;flex-flow:column nowrap;z-index:0}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section{--marpit-root-font-size:40px;}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:after{align-items:flex-end;background:linear-gradient(-45deg, var(--color-background-paginate) 50%, transparent 50%);background-size:cover;color:var(--color-foreground);display:flex;font-size:.6em;height:80px;justify-content:flex-end;padding:30px;text-align:right;text-shadow:0 0 5px var(--color-background);width:80px}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:after{--marpit-root-font-size:.6em;}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(:not(.invert)) :is(pre, marp-pre) code.hljs{display:block;overflow-x:auto;padding:1em}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(:not(.invert)) code.hljs{padding:3px 5px}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(:not(.invert)) .hljs{background:#fff;color:#000}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(:not(.invert)) .hljs-addition,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(:not(.invert)) .hljs-meta,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(:not(.invert)) .hljs-string,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(:not(.invert)) .hljs-symbol,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(:not(.invert)) .hljs-template-tag,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(:not(.invert)) .hljs-template-variable{color:#756bb1}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(:not(.invert)) .hljs-comment,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(:not(.invert)) .hljs-quote{color:#636363}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(:not(.invert)) .hljs-bullet,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(:not(.invert)) .hljs-link,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(:not(.invert)) .hljs-literal,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(:not(.invert)) .hljs-number,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(:not(.invert)) .hljs-regexp{color:#31a354}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(:not(.invert)) .hljs-deletion,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(:not(.invert)) .hljs-variable{color:#88f}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(:not(.invert)) .hljs-built_in,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(:not(.invert)) .hljs-doctag,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(:not(.invert)) .hljs-keyword,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(:not(.invert)) .hljs-name,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(:not(.invert)) .hljs-section,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(:not(.invert)) .hljs-selector-class,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(:not(.invert)) .hljs-selector-id,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(:not(.invert)) .hljs-selector-tag,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(:not(.invert)) .hljs-strong,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(:not(.invert)) .hljs-tag,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(:not(.invert)) .hljs-title,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(:not(.invert)) .hljs-type{color:#3182bd}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(:not(.invert)) .hljs-emphasis{font-style:italic}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(:not(.invert)) .hljs-attribute{color:#e6550d}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.invert){--color-background:#202228;--color-background-code:#2b2d33;--color-background-paginate:hsla(0,0%,100%,.05);--color-foreground:#fff;--color-highlight:#60d0f0;--color-highlight-hover:#88dcf4;--color-highlight-heading:#80d9f3;--color-header:hsla(0,0%,100%,.4);--color-header-shadow:rgba(32,34,40,.8);}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.invert) :is(pre, marp-pre) code.hljs{display:block;overflow-x:auto;padding:1em}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.invert) code.hljs{padding:3px 5px}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.invert) .hljs{background:#222;color:#fff}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.invert) .hljs-comment,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.invert) .hljs-quote{color:#777}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.invert) .hljs-built_in,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.invert) .hljs-bullet,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.invert) .hljs-deletion,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.invert) .hljs-link,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.invert) .hljs-literal,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.invert) .hljs-meta,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.invert) .hljs-number,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.invert) .hljs-params,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.invert) .hljs-regexp,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.invert) .hljs-symbol,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.invert) .hljs-tag,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.invert) .hljs-template-variable,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.invert) .hljs-variable{color:#ab875d}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.invert) .hljs-attribute,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.invert) .hljs-name,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.invert) .hljs-section,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.invert) .hljs-selector-class,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.invert) .hljs-selector-id,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.invert) .hljs-title,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.invert) .hljs-type{color:#9b869b}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.invert) .hljs-addition,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.invert) .hljs-keyword,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.invert) .hljs-selector-tag,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.invert) .hljs-string{color:#8f9c6c}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.invert) .hljs-emphasis{font-style:italic}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.invert) .hljs-strong{font-weight:700}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section>:first-child,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section[data-header]>:nth-child(2){margin-top:0}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section>:last-child,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section[data-footer]>:nth-last-child(2){margin-bottom:0}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section blockquote,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section p{margin:0 0 15px}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h1, marp-h1),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h2, marp-h2),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h3, marp-h3),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h4, marp-h4),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h5, marp-h5),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h6, marp-h6){margin:15px 0 30px}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h1, marp-h1) strong,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h2, marp-h2) strong,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h3, marp-h3) strong,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h4, marp-h4) strong,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h5, marp-h5) strong,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h6, marp-h6) strong{color:var(--color-highlight-heading);font-weight:inherit}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h1, marp-h1)::part(auto-scaling),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h2, marp-h2)::part(auto-scaling),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h3, marp-h3)::part(auto-scaling),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h4, marp-h4)::part(auto-scaling),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h5, marp-h5)::part(auto-scaling),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h6, marp-h6)::part(auto-scaling){max-height:660px}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h1, marp-h1){font-size:2em}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h2, marp-h2){font-size:1.7em}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h3, marp-h3){font-size:1.4em;letter-spacing:2px}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h4, marp-h4){font-size:1.2em;letter-spacing:2px}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h5, marp-h5){font-size:1em;letter-spacing:1px}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h6, marp-h6){font-size:.8em;letter-spacing:1px}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section footer,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section header{color:var(--color-header);font-size:.45em;left:70px;letter-spacing:1px;position:absolute;right:70px;text-shadow:0 1px 0 var(--color-header-shadow);z-index:1}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section header{top:30px}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section footer{bottom:30px}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section a{color:var(--color-highlight);text-decoration:none}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section a:hover{color:var(--color-highlight-hover);text-decoration:underline}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section ol,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section ul{margin:0 auto;text-align:left}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section>ol,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section>ul{margin-bottom:15px}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section code{font-family:SFMono-Regular,Consolas,Liberation 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15px}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section table>tbody>tr>td,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section table>tbody>tr>th,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section table>thead>tr>td,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section table>thead>tr>th{padding:.15em .5em}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section table>thead>tr>td,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section table>thead>tr>th{border-bottom:3px solid}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section table>tbody>tr:not(:last-child)>td,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section table>tbody>tr:not(:last-child)>th{border-bottom:1px solid}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section blockquote{font-size:90%;line-height:1.3;padding:0 2em;position:relative;z-index:0}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section blockquote:after,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section 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</style></head><body><div class="bespoke-marp-osc"><button data-bespoke-marp-osc="prev" tabindex="-1" title="Previous slide">Previous slide</button><span data-bespoke-marp-osc="page"></span><button data-bespoke-marp-osc="next" tabindex="-1" title="Next slide">Next slide</button><button data-bespoke-marp-osc="fullscreen" tabindex="-1" title="Toggle fullscreen (f)">Toggle fullscreen</button><button data-bespoke-marp-osc="presenter" tabindex="-1" title="Open presenter view (p)">Open presenter view</button></div><div id=":$p"><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="1" data-class="invert" data-paginate="skip" data-footer="07.07.2025 / University of Potsdam / Joaquin Gottlebe, Florian Ringel" data-theme="uncover" lang="en-US" class="invert" style="--class:invert;--paginate:skip;--footer:07.07.2025 / University of Potsdam / Joaquin Gottlebe, Florian Ringel;--theme:uncover;">
<h1 id="artificial-surface-materials-at-golm">Artificial Surface Materials at Golm</h1>
<footer>07.07.2025 / University of Potsdam / Joaquin Gottlebe, Florian Ringel</footer>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="2" data-class="invert" data-paginate="true" data-footer="07.07.2025 / University of Potsdam / Joaquin Gottlebe, Florian Ringel" data-theme="uncover" lang="en-US" class="invert" data-marpit-pagination="1" style="--class:invert;--paginate:true;--footer:07.07.2025 / University of Potsdam / Joaquin Gottlebe, Florian Ringel;--theme:uncover;" data-marpit-pagination-total="19">
<h5 id="research-question">Research Question</h5>
<p>Which artificial surface material types expanded the most and how much (in <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.025ex;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="2.974ex" height="1.912ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewBox="0 -833.9 1314.6 844.9"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msup"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="1D45A" d="M21 287Q22 293 24 303T36 341T56 388T88 425T132 442T175 435T205 417T221 395T229 376L231 369Q231 367 232 367L243 378Q303 442 384 442Q401 442 415 440T441 433T460 423T475 411T485 398T493 385T497 373T500 364T502 357L510 367Q573 442 659 442Q713 442 746 415T780 336Q780 285 742 178T704 50Q705 36 709 31T724 26Q752 26 776 56T815 138Q818 149 821 151T837 153Q857 153 857 145Q857 144 853 130Q845 101 831 73T785 17T716 -10Q669 -10 648 17T627 73Q627 92 663 193T700 345Q700 404 656 404H651Q565 404 506 303L499 291L466 157Q433 26 428 16Q415 -11 385 -11Q372 -11 364 -4T353 8T350 18Q350 29 384 161L420 307Q423 322 423 345Q423 404 379 404H374Q288 404 229 303L222 291L189 157Q156 26 151 16Q138 -11 108 -11Q95 -11 87 -5T76 7T74 17Q74 30 112 181Q151 335 151 342Q154 357 154 369Q154 405 129 405Q107 405 92 377T69 316T57 280Q55 278 41 278H27Q21 284 21 287Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mn" transform="translate(911,363) scale(0.707)"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container>) between 2018-2024?</p>
<footer>07.07.2025 / University of Potsdam / Joaquin Gottlebe, Florian Ringel</footer>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="3" data-class="invert" data-paginate="true" data-footer="07.07.2025 / University of Potsdam / Joaquin Gottlebe, Florian Ringel" data-theme="uncover" lang="en-US" class="invert" data-marpit-pagination="2" style="--class:invert;--paginate:true;--footer:07.07.2025 / University of Potsdam / Joaquin Gottlebe, Florian Ringel;--theme:uncover;" data-marpit-pagination-total="19">
<h5 id="definition">Definition</h5>
<p><strong>Artifical Surface Materials</strong>: Materials, that are located on the surface and are either Man-made or deliberately placed there by humans.</p>
<footer>07.07.2025 / University of Potsdam / Joaquin Gottlebe, Florian Ringel</footer>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="4" data-class="invert" data-paginate="true" data-footer="07.07.2025 / University of Potsdam / Joaquin Gottlebe, Florian Ringel" data-theme="uncover" lang="en-US" class="invert" data-marpit-pagination="3" style="--class:invert;--paginate:true;--footer:07.07.2025 / University of Potsdam / Joaquin Gottlebe, Florian Ringel;--theme:uncover;" data-marpit-pagination-total="19">
<h5 id="study-area-campus-golm">Study area Campus Golm</h5>
<p><img src="../data/golm.png" alt="" style="width:550px;" /></p>
<footer>07.07.2025 / University of Potsdam / Joaquin Gottlebe, Florian Ringel</footer>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="5" data-class="invert" data-paginate="true" data-footer="07.07.2025 / University of Potsdam / Joaquin Gottlebe, Florian Ringel" data-theme="uncover" lang="en-US" class="invert" data-marpit-pagination="4" style="--class:invert;--paginate:true;--footer:07.07.2025 / University of Potsdam / Joaquin Gottlebe, Florian Ringel;--theme:uncover;" data-marpit-pagination-total="19">
<h5 id="workflow">Workflow</h5>
<ol>
<li>Preprocessing of data</li>
<li>Create training data</li>
<li>Classification</li>
<li>Change detection</li>
<li>Change analysis</li>
</ol>
<footer>07.07.2025 / University of Potsdam / Joaquin Gottlebe, Florian Ringel</footer>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="6" data-class="invert" data-paginate="true" data-footer="07.07.2025 / University of Potsdam / Joaquin Gottlebe, Florian Ringel" data-theme="uncover" lang="en-US" class="invert" data-marpit-pagination="5" style="--class:invert;--paginate:true;--footer:07.07.2025 / University of Potsdam / Joaquin Gottlebe, Florian Ringel;--theme:uncover;" data-marpit-pagination-total="19">
<h5 id="classes">Classes</h5>
<p><img src="../results/metadata.png" alt="" style="width:600px;" /></p>
<footer>07.07.2025 / University of Potsdam / Joaquin Gottlebe, Florian Ringel</footer>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section data-class="invert" data-paginate="true" data-footer="07.07.2025 / University of Potsdam / Joaquin Gottlebe, Florian Ringel" data-theme="uncover" lang="en-US" class="invert" data-marpit-pagination="6" style="--class:invert;--paginate:true;--footer:07.07.2025 / University of Potsdam / Joaquin Gottlebe, Florian Ringel;--theme:uncover;" data-marpit-pagination-total="19" data-marpit-advanced-background="background"><div data-marpit-advanced-background-container="true" data-marpit-advanced-background-direction="horizontal"><figure style="background-image:url(&quot;../results/meta_2018.png&quot;);background-size:100%;"></figure><figure style="background-image:url(&quot;../results/meta_2024.png&quot;);background-size:100%;"></figure></div></section></foreignObject><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="7" data-class="invert" data-paginate="true" data-footer="07.07.2025 / University of Potsdam / Joaquin Gottlebe, Florian Ringel" data-theme="uncover" lang="en-US" class="invert" data-marpit-pagination="6" style="--class:invert;--paginate:true;--footer:07.07.2025 / University of Potsdam / Joaquin Gottlebe, Florian Ringel;--theme:uncover;" data-marpit-pagination-total="19" data-marpit-advanced-background="content">
<h5 id="datasets">Datasets</h5>
<p><img src="../results/empty.png" alt="" /><br />
<br />
</p>
<footer>07.07.2025 / University of Potsdam / Joaquin Gottlebe, Florian Ringel</footer>
</section>
</foreignObject><foreignObject width="1280" height="720" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo"><section data-class="invert" data-paginate="true" data-footer="07.07.2025 / University of Potsdam / Joaquin Gottlebe, Florian Ringel" data-theme="uncover" lang="en-US" class="invert" data-marpit-pagination="6" style="" data-marpit-pagination-total="19" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo"></section></foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="8" data-class="invert" data-paginate="true" data-footer="07.07.2025 / University of Potsdam / Joaquin Gottlebe, Florian Ringel" data-theme="uncover" lang="en-US" class="invert" data-marpit-pagination="7" style="--class:invert;--paginate:true;--footer:07.07.2025 / University of Potsdam / Joaquin Gottlebe, Florian Ringel;--theme:uncover;" data-marpit-pagination-total="19">
<h5 id="classification-method">Classification Method</h5>
<ol>
<li>Read raster <strong>bands</strong></li>
<li>Apply <strong>PCA</strong> to reduce spectral dimensionality</li>
<li>Rasterize training polygons into <strong>labeled pixels</strong></li>
<li>Extract labeled pixels as training samples</li>
<li>Train <strong>Random Forest</strong> on labeled data</li>
<li>Classify all pixels using trained model</li>
<li>Validate with validation data</li>
</ol>
<footer>07.07.2025 / University of Potsdam / Joaquin Gottlebe, Florian Ringel</footer>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="9" data-class="invert" data-paginate="true" data-footer="07.07.2025 / University of Potsdam / Joaquin Gottlebe, Florian Ringel" data-theme="uncover" lang="en-US" class="invert" data-marpit-pagination="8" style="--class:invert;--paginate:true;--footer:07.07.2025 / University of Potsdam / Joaquin Gottlebe, Florian Ringel;--theme:uncover;" data-marpit-pagination-total="19">
<h5 id="classification-implementation">Classification Implementation</h5>
<ul>
<li>rasterio</li>
<li>geopandas</li>
<li>sklearn.decomposition.PCA</li>
<li>sklearn.ensemble.RandomForestClassifier</li>
</ul>
<footer>07.07.2025 / University of Potsdam / Joaquin Gottlebe, Florian Ringel</footer>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section data-class="invert" data-paginate="true" data-footer="07.07.2025 / University of Potsdam / Joaquin Gottlebe, Florian Ringel" data-theme="uncover" lang="en-US" class="invert" data-marpit-pagination="9" style="--class:invert;--paginate:true;--footer:07.07.2025 / University of Potsdam / Joaquin Gottlebe, Florian Ringel;--theme:uncover;" data-marpit-pagination-total="19" data-marpit-advanced-background="background"><div data-marpit-advanced-background-container="true" data-marpit-advanced-background-direction="horizontal"><figure style="background-image:url(&quot;../results/training_2018_meta.png&quot;);background-size:100%;"></figure><figure style="background-image:url(&quot;../results/training2018.png&quot;);background-size:100%;"></figure></div></section></foreignObject><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="10" data-class="invert" data-paginate="true" data-footer="07.07.2025 / University of Potsdam / Joaquin Gottlebe, Florian Ringel" data-theme="uncover" lang="en-US" class="invert" data-marpit-pagination="9" style="--class:invert;--paginate:true;--footer:07.07.2025 / University of Potsdam / Joaquin Gottlebe, Florian Ringel;--theme:uncover;" data-marpit-pagination-total="19" data-marpit-advanced-background="content">
<h5 id="classification-training-data">Classification Training Data</h5>
<p><img src="../results/empty.png" alt="" /><br />
<br />
</p>
<footer>07.07.2025 / University of Potsdam / Joaquin Gottlebe, Florian Ringel</footer>
</section>
</foreignObject><foreignObject width="1280" height="720" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo"><section data-class="invert" data-paginate="true" data-footer="07.07.2025 / University of Potsdam / Joaquin Gottlebe, Florian Ringel" data-theme="uncover" lang="en-US" class="invert" data-marpit-pagination="9" style="" data-marpit-pagination-total="19" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo"></section></foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section data-class="invert" data-paginate="true" data-footer="07.07.2025 / University of Potsdam / Joaquin Gottlebe, Florian Ringel" data-theme="uncover" lang="en-US" class="invert" data-marpit-pagination="10" style="--class:invert;--paginate:true;--footer:07.07.2025 / University of Potsdam / Joaquin Gottlebe, Florian Ringel;--theme:uncover;" data-marpit-pagination-total="19" data-marpit-advanced-background="background"><div data-marpit-advanced-background-container="true" data-marpit-advanced-background-direction="horizontal"><figure style="background-image:url(&quot;../results/training_2024_meta.png&quot;);background-size:100%;"></figure><figure style="background-image:url(&quot;../results/training2024.png&quot;);background-size:100%;"></figure></div></section></foreignObject><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="11" data-class="invert" data-paginate="true" data-footer="07.07.2025 / University of Potsdam / Joaquin Gottlebe, Florian Ringel" data-theme="uncover" lang="en-US" class="invert" data-marpit-pagination="10" style="--class:invert;--paginate:true;--footer:07.07.2025 / University of Potsdam / Joaquin Gottlebe, Florian Ringel;--theme:uncover;" data-marpit-pagination-total="19" data-marpit-advanced-background="content">
<h5 id="classification-training-data-1">Classification Training Data</h5>
<p><img src="../results/empty.png" alt="" /><br />
<br />
</p>
<footer>07.07.2025 / University of Potsdam / Joaquin Gottlebe, Florian Ringel</footer>
</section>
</foreignObject><foreignObject width="1280" height="720" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo"><section data-class="invert" data-paginate="true" data-footer="07.07.2025 / University of Potsdam / Joaquin Gottlebe, Florian Ringel" data-theme="uncover" lang="en-US" class="invert" data-marpit-pagination="10" style="" data-marpit-pagination-total="19" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo"></section></foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section data-class="invert" data-paginate="true" data-footer="07.07.2025 / University of Potsdam / Joaquin Gottlebe, Florian Ringel" data-theme="uncover" lang="en-US" class="invert" data-marpit-pagination="11" style="--class:invert;--paginate:true;--footer:07.07.2025 / University of Potsdam / Joaquin Gottlebe, Florian Ringel;--theme:uncover;" data-marpit-pagination-total="19" data-marpit-advanced-background="background"><div data-marpit-advanced-background-container="true" data-marpit-advanced-background-direction="horizontal"><figure style="background-image:url(&quot;../results/classified_2018.png&quot;);background-size:100%;"></figure><figure style="background-image:url(&quot;../results/classified_2024.png&quot;);background-size:100%;"></figure></div></section></foreignObject><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="12" data-class="invert" data-paginate="true" data-footer="07.07.2025 / University of Potsdam / Joaquin Gottlebe, Florian Ringel" data-theme="uncover" lang="en-US" class="invert" data-marpit-pagination="11" style="--class:invert;--paginate:true;--footer:07.07.2025 / University of Potsdam / Joaquin Gottlebe, Florian Ringel;--theme:uncover;" data-marpit-pagination-total="19" data-marpit-advanced-background="content">
<h5 id="classification-results">Classification Results</h5>
<p><img src="../results/empty.png" alt="" /><br />
<br />
</p>
<footer>07.07.2025 / University of Potsdam / Joaquin Gottlebe, Florian Ringel</footer>
</section>
</foreignObject><foreignObject width="1280" height="720" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo"><section data-class="invert" data-paginate="true" data-footer="07.07.2025 / University of Potsdam / Joaquin Gottlebe, Florian Ringel" data-theme="uncover" lang="en-US" class="invert" data-marpit-pagination="11" style="" data-marpit-pagination-total="19" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo"></section></foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section data-class="invert" data-paginate="true" data-footer="07.07.2025 / University of Potsdam / Joaquin Gottlebe, Florian Ringel" data-theme="uncover" lang="en-US" class="invert" data-marpit-pagination="12" style="--class:invert;--paginate:true;--footer:07.07.2025 / University of Potsdam / Joaquin Gottlebe, Florian Ringel;--theme:uncover;" data-marpit-pagination-total="19" data-marpit-advanced-background="background"><div data-marpit-advanced-background-container="true" data-marpit-advanced-background-direction="horizontal"><figure style="background-image:url(&quot;../results/confusion_matrix_2018.png&quot;);background-size:100%;"></figure><figure style="background-image:url(&quot;../results/confusion_matrix_2024.png&quot;);background-size:100%;"></figure></div></section></foreignObject><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="13" data-class="invert" data-paginate="true" data-footer="07.07.2025 / University of Potsdam / Joaquin Gottlebe, Florian Ringel" data-theme="uncover" lang="en-US" class="invert" data-marpit-pagination="12" style="--class:invert;--paginate:true;--footer:07.07.2025 / University of Potsdam / Joaquin Gottlebe, Florian Ringel;--theme:uncover;" data-marpit-pagination-total="19" data-marpit-advanced-background="content">
<h5 id="classification-confusion-matrix">Classification Confusion Matrix</h5>
<p><img src="../results/empty.png" alt="" /><br />
<br />
</p>
<footer>07.07.2025 / University of Potsdam / Joaquin Gottlebe, Florian Ringel</footer>
</section>
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<h5 id="classification-accuracy">Classification Accuracy</h5>
<p><img src="../results/empty.png" alt="" /><br />
<br />
</p>
<footer>07.07.2025 / University of Potsdam / Joaquin Gottlebe, Florian Ringel</footer>
</section>
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<h5 id="change-detection-method">Change Detection Method</h5>
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</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section data-class="invert" data-paginate="true" data-footer="07.07.2025 / University of Potsdam / Joaquin Gottlebe, Florian Ringel" data-theme="uncover" lang="en-US" class="invert" data-marpit-pagination="15" style="--class:invert;--paginate:true;--footer:07.07.2025 / University of Potsdam / Joaquin Gottlebe, Florian Ringel;--theme:uncover;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-pagination-total="19" data-marpit-advanced-background="background" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right"><div data-marpit-advanced-background-container="true" data-marpit-advanced-background-direction="horizontal"><figure style="background-image:url(&quot;../results/change.png&quot;);background-size:100%;"></figure></div></section></foreignObject><foreignObject width="50%" height="720"><section id="16" data-class="invert" data-paginate="true" data-footer="07.07.2025 / University of Potsdam / Joaquin Gottlebe, Florian Ringel" data-theme="uncover" lang="en-US" class="invert" data-marpit-pagination="15" style="--class:invert;--paginate:true;--footer:07.07.2025 / University of Potsdam / Joaquin Gottlebe, Florian Ringel;--theme:uncover;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-pagination-total="19" data-marpit-advanced-background="content" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right">
<h5 id="change-detection-results">Change Detection Results</h5>
<p>11<br />
12<br />
13<br />
...<br />
88</p>
<footer>07.07.2025 / University of Potsdam / Joaquin Gottlebe, Florian Ringel</footer>
</section>
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<h5 id="change-analysis-2018-2024">Change Analysis 2018-2024</h5>
<p><img src="../results/difference.png" alt="" style="width:750px;" /></p>
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<h5 id="challenges">Challenges</h5>
<ul>
<li>Datasets had different amount of Bands</li>
<li>Deciding on the right classes</li>
<li>Classification with Enmap Box, unsatisfactory</li>
</ul>
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<p>Thank you, for your attention!</p>
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<h5 id="sources">Sources</h5>
<p>Balsamo et al. “Satellite and In Situ Observations for Advancing Global Earth Surface Modelling: A Review.” Remote Sensing 10, no. 12 (December 2018): 2038. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10122038">https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10122038</a>.</p>
<p>Guanter et al. “The EnMAP Spaceborne Imaging Spectroscopy Mission for Earth Observation.” Remote Sensing 7, no. 7 (July 2015): 8830–57. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/rs70708830">https://doi.org/10.3390/rs70708830</a>.</p>
<p>Ilehag et al. “KLUM: An Urban VNIR and SWIR Spectral Library Consisting of Building Materials.” Remote Sensing 11, no. 18 (January 2019): 2149. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11182149">https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11182149</a>.</p>
<p>Lindeni et al. “Imaging Spectroscopy of Urban Environments.” Surveys in Geophysics 40, no. 3 (May 1, 2019): 471–88. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-018-9486-y">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-018-9486-y</a>.</p>
<p>Okujeni et al. “Support Vector Regression and Synthetically Mixed Training Data for Quantifying Urban Land Cover.” Remote Sensing of Environment 137 (October 1, 2013): 184–97. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2013.06.007">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2013.06.007</a>.</p>
<p>Zhao et al. “ASI: An Artificial Surface Index for Landsat 8 Imagery.” International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 107 (March 1, 2022): 102703. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2022.102703">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2022.102703</a>.</p>
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